Analysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth - 829 Words

Malavika Madan English 10 May 12, 2016 Macbeth Essay Macbeth, by William Shakespeare is a tragedy that happens At the very beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth is provoked by the letter she receives by Macbeth and starts plotting the murder of Duncan. She also wishes she were a man such that she could commit the murder all by herself saying so in Act 1 Scene 5, â€Å"Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty† (Macbeth 1.5.36-52). She appeals to these spirits to remove all aspects of her femininity and seeks to gain power through the prophecy of the witches. Her fear about the ability of her husband to commit the murder is subdued in her designated gender. Lady Macbeth manages her feminine power through her sensuality and pretended weakness through her fainting streak at the notice of Duncan’s death. Manipulation, usually through sexuality is often depicted as the source of women’s power still Lady Macbeth uses this power of hers to commit murder, a masculine demonstration of power. Lady M acbeth in her soliloquy about the planning of Duncan’s death refers to her husband as an individual who plays honestly and does not engage in wrongdoing. â€Å"What thou wouldst highly That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win.† Lady Macbeth’s role shows the audience a reflection of Macbeth’s attitude and character, especially that he was honest and loyal towards his kingdom.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1785 Words   |  8 PagesScotland! A man has a great ordeal on his hands. Some might say that Macbeth has a second chance or a life long dream that could change his future forever. Deep in the heart of Birnam forest, a castle sits upon Dunsinane Hill, with a man made foundation built from paved bricks that have housed the many Kings that have ruled this Kingdom. Macbeth hears a prophecy from three evil and dilapidated witches foretelling his future. Macbeth, terrified yet surprised, is unsure of his morals and is battling betweenRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth By William Shakespeare1351 Words   |  6 PagesKnown for his tragedy, intrig ue, comedy, and romance, Shakespeare extends his boundary of prowess in the play Macbeth. The irony present in the play, the double-meaning of the characters’ actions, and the complexity of setting all contribute to a thrilling story of murder and looking beyond the superficial. Dramatic, situational, and verbal irony greatly contribute to the theme of things are not what they seem in Macbeth text and film. Shakespeare uses the contrast in irony to convey this in the character’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth By William Shakespeare1236 Words   |  5 Pagesit. This idea of equivocation is abundant in Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth. In Macbeth, Shakespeare exposes literary devices such as illustrative imagery, sarcastic similes, and dubious diction to unveil one of his many themes: Things are not always what they seem. Shakespeare beautifully illustrates this fact through the duplicity of Macbeth, his wife, the three suspicious witches, and king Dunca n . Starting the play, Macbeth is a very much regarded saint who seems, by all accounts, to be an incredibleRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth By William Shakespeare2081 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeare Essay Shakespeare uses language in his literary creations as a technique to enrich the ideas of his works. In his play Macbeth, Shakespeare uses metaphor as a useful way to enhance language and construct the overall idea. Macbeth revolves around the prospect of ‘power,’ and also focuses on what one is willing to do in order to gain power, and also to maintain it. Throughout the novel, Shakespeare uses metaphors and comparative techniques that link together to develop theRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthe meaning of a story. When we first studied Macbeth, I thought that the word â€Å"hand† would be used in a strictly literal manner. Instead, I discovered that through the play the term embodied a rather dark connotation and symbolized Macbeth’s submission to evil instead of the literal meaning. As early as act one, Macbeth prevents â€Å"the eye† from winking at â€Å"the hand† because à ¢â‚¬Å"the eye fears, when it is done, to see† (Shakespeare 1.4.335-336). Macbeth lusts for the throne, but in order to retrieveRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1169 Words   |  5 Pagesentertainment. Syfy has been around a lot longer than the 21st century though. William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth uses instances of the supernatural to make the main character Macbeth act unorthodoxly, to disquiet and to make him sanguine, by using witches and apparitions. The three witches make Macbeth lean towards acting unlike himself by convincing him that he will become the Thane of Cawdor and the King of Scotland. When Macbeth does indeed become Thane of Cawdor, he believes that he will become theRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1149 Words   |  5 Pagesplaywright, William Shakespeare remains to this very day a man with a past shrouded in mystery. Very few documents provide historians insight on his personal life. In fact, the record of Shakespeare in his earliest years is limited to a mere baptismal record that reveals his birth date to be around April 26, 1564. Fifty-two years later from that day, Shakespeare would be interred at Trinity Church. Born near London in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon as the third child to John Shakespeare, the localRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth1451 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare wrote Macbeth in the early 1600’s. Macbeth was written during a time of polit ical unrest in the Jacobean era, political context is a strong theme of the play. It seems that politics have not changed much over the centuries. Although politicians may not be murdering each other for their chance at the throne, the majority are corrupt and committing felonies to get to and stay in a position of power. Political corruption today facilitates numerous criminal enterprises. Macbeth’sRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1887 Words   |  8 Pagesdisaster. â€Å"Macbeth’’ is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare and is considered one of his darkest and most powerful works. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford -upon -avon, in Warwickshire and was baptized a few days later on 26 April 1566. William Shakespeare was educated at the local King Edward grammar school Stratford and is considered by many to be the greatest playwright of all time.(Bio.) In Macbeth, William Shakespeare used ambition to show us Lady Macbeth and Macbeth and theirRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 2339 Words   |  10 PagesIn this essay I will be analysing in great detail how William Shakespeare the writer of a variety of plays, describes the range of different features and techniques that he has used in both Macbeth (Act 2 Scene 2), and Capulet (Act 3 Scene 5), and how he Shakespeare has represented the main characters of each play to be shown as disturbed emotionally, physically, and psychologically during the plays. Firstly, when Capulet is shown he is seen by the audience as being in a good, cheerful, happy, and

In “Kyoto Climate Change Conference”, Al Gore, The Former

In â€Å"Kyoto Climate Change Conference†, Al Gore, the Former Vice President of the United States, calls on the heads of state to take action on reducing emissions and protecting the Earth s environment. Gore mentions environmental problems such as polluted water, dirty air, and destruction of critical habitats that we are experienced have threatened people’s living and future. Gore highlights aerosphere, the most important and most vulnerable part the Earth’s environment, are damaged by gaseous wastes which stops aerosphere dissipating heat and lead to the global warm. Moreover, he emphasizes the global warm causes more serious consequence such as floods, droughts, stronger storms, rising sea level, etc. which will affect the survival of†¦show more content†¦And it is working.† (857) He shows an example that we have done this before and it works, which enhances the reliability of his speech. He emphasizes that â€Å"The first and most important task for developed countries is to hear the immediate needs of the developing world. And let me say, the United States has listened and we have learned. We understand that your first priority is to lift your citizens from the poverty so many endure and build strong economies that will assure a better future. This is your right: it will not be denied.† (857) He shows that the United States knows the developing world wants to improve the living standard of their citizens for their first priority and he understand this is their rights, showing that he also cares about the development of developing world. He also asserts the developed countries should hear what the developing world needs, which shows developed countries and developing countries should in the same group. Besides, he shows that the developed countries will help the developing world, so the developing world doesn’t need to care about protecting environment will increase the poverty level. All of these make Gor e’s speech more reliable and ethical. In â€Å"Wrath of Grapes Boycott Speech†, Cesar Chavez emphasizes that â€Å"We farm workers are closest to food production.† (690, Chavez) He highlights he is a farm worker working closest to foodShow MoreRelatedA New Commitment Period For Kyoto Protocol938 Words   |  4 Pagesface a devastating cascade of natural disasters that will change life on earth as we know it. UN Climate Change Conference in Doha, 2012, agrees to a new commitment period for the Kyoto protocol In December 2012, a UN climate conference in Doha, agreed to a new commitment period for the Kyoto protocol, a treaty that limits the greenhouse gas output of some developed countries, and affirmed a previous decision to adopt a new global climate pact by 2015. Much of the evidence already seems apparentRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming2192 Words   |  9 Pagesbeing enforced. Everyday we can read or hear about â€Å"climate change† and how it’s affected our world and us. New solutions are made up everyday but all have a common factor, they cost big bucks or in the end will cost someone their money. The immense cost and dramatic changes to our everyday lives like transportation and energy is something you can’t change overnight and needs to be passed by the government before making any serious changes. This is where you’ll see politics get involved. You thenRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesNew vs. Traditional GENERAL Intro: †¢ The first quarter of 2043 will be when the last newspapers land on front process all over America. This is the prediction the author of ‘The Vanishing Newspaper’ †¦ †¢ Advent of tech has brought a radical change in the media industry †¢ No longer confined to reading news, watching television †¢ Click of mouse, people can access instantaneous info and news online †¢ Proliferation of online blogs and social networking sites such as Twitter threaten

Benefits of training and development for individual †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Benefits of training and development for individual. Answer: Introduction In the present competitive and modern business world, the organisations are striving hard to manage their businesses. There are several changes that took place both in the internal and external business environment due to a number of factors. To sustain such dynamic business situations and perform in an effective manner, there is a need to have adequate resources such as organisational management, labour, material, methodology, etc. It is essential that all these resources are utilized in the best possible manner for the attainment of the business objectives. Among all the various factors, the most significant factor is the human resources as no organisation can live without the ability of the adequate human resource. In all the organisations, the workforce or the human resources are regarded as one of the significant, creative and innovative resources (Elnaga and Imran, 2013). Several researches highlight the importance of human resource and their importance in performing effectivel y in competitive business environment. Thus, the most valuable and crucial assets of the organisation is human resource. To manage the human resource and to enhance the efficiency and productivity, the organisations take several initiatives. There are number of strategies which the companies implement in order to enhance the productivity such as the most preferred one is employee training and development (Gruman and Saks, 2011). The paid on-job training can be utilized for improving and developing the performance of the employees, the attitudes, skills and knowledge. Employee training is one of the key human resource management functions and it is utilized for moderating the motivation and behaviour of the employees which directly contributes in the performance of the employees. This study comprises of two key variables i.e. job training (Independent variable) and employee performance (Dependent variable). The study will highlight the relationship between these variables with the he lp of a conceptual theoretical framework to have an in-depth understanding of the concept. Identification of a problem The contemporary business organisations are facing numerous issues due to continuously changing business environment which force business organisations to strategically adapt those changes and attain sustainability. The organisational performance is highly depends upon the performance of the human resource. The employee performance is completely depended upon the knowledge, motivation, attitude and skills of the employees and also the training offered to them. In past few decades, several theorists and researchers have tried to develop a relationship between the paid on-job training and the performance of the employees (Nassazi, 2013). The study is an attempt to highlight the key factors which develops a link between the employees performance and organisational training. Specific Research Issues What is the link between the productivity of the employees and the job training? What is the link between the performance of the employees and the job training? What is the link between the job satisfaction of the employees and the job training? Literature review Review of Literature In the changing and uncertain world of business, the companies experience a number of limitations in sustaining the business challenges. The literature states vital importance of training programs in improving the performances of the employees and making the employees competent enough in dealing with the uncertainties. Effective training is advantageous for the business organisations in number of ways, such as, it act as significant in maintaining as well as building the abilities, both on the organisational as well as the individual level. Therefore, it is necessary for the employees to participate in the process of organisational training (Ndunguru, 2015). Moreover, it improves the retention capability of the workforce and thus decreases the turnover and job rotation of the employees. Furthermore, it presents the commitment of the organisation towards the employees and upsurge the motivation of the workers. The several training contributions results into attainment of the competiti ve benefits and improvement in the organisational productivity and performance of the employees (Shilongo, 2013). Job Training Training is considered as the approach of teaching the organisational employees in order to make them gain the basic skills for performing their individual jobs. For the organisational employees, the paid on-job training not only enhances the job related knowledge but also helps in identification of the organisational objectives. The job training results in acquisition of the know-how, skills and knowledge (Malik, Danish and Munir, 2012). According to the author, the paid on-job training enhances the performance of the employees but it is also supportive for the satisfaction of the employees future needs. The training emphasis upon the current job while the continuous developments help the employees in preparing for the future job. The key aspect of job training is to improve the employees performance who all participates in the organisational training process. For identifying the impact of training on the employees performance, there is carried out the literature review (Manzoor, 20 12). On the job training support the individuals in getting adequate insight of the job and improving the overall performance. In paid on-job training (OJT), the individuals learn from their own experiences and it is considered as one of the most time saving and cost effective manner. It is highly significant as well as efficient for the business organisations to offer the job training to the employees. Training is a vital part of the human resource for which is directly associated with performance of the employees (Fawad Latif, 2012). Effective training programs and on-job training objects at improving the performance of the employees. Training is useful in bridging the existing gap among the standard desired performance and the current performance of the employees. The pain on-job training could be offered by the means of various methods such as the mentoring and coaching, subordinate participation and the peer cooperation (Amin, Saeed, Lodhi, Mizna, Iqbal and Tehreem, 2013). All such methods enable the organisational employees in participating in the job and attain better and improved performances, thus resulting in improved organisational performance. The training programs focus of the development of the employees and also help in attaining the most effective use of the companys human resources by achieving a number of competitive benefits. Thus, it acts as necessary for the organisations to plan and conduct training programs for the employees in order to increase their competencies and abilities required at th e organisational workplace (Noe and Peacock, 2002). The paid on-job training enhances the capabilities of the workers as well as sharpens the creativity level and thinking competence so that the employees can have better decision making approach. Moreover, it also enhances the ability of the employees to effectively deal with the customers and have a positive approach towards their queries or complaints. Training improves the self-efficacy which resulted in the improved job performance by the means of substituting the old-traditional practices by the contemporary and efficient practices (Khan, Khan and Khan, 2011). Training is also considered as a planned intervention objects at improving the aspects of the job performance of the employees. The various on-job training programs support the employees in reducing the level of frustration and job related anxiety. The inability of the employees to perform the job, results into employee turnover (Tahir, Yousafzai, Jan and Hashim, 2014). If adequate trainings are offered to them, there can be increased chances of motivation and employee retention. The more there is a gap among the skills required and skills possessed, the greater will be level of job dissatisfaction. Authors suggests the continuous training sessions as a tool for the improving the satisfaction of the employees and enhanced employee performances (Hameed and Waheed, 2011). The Importance of Training Training is considered as a vital and imperative aspect for the business organisations for revamping the employees performances and their individual success and growth. It is advantageous both for the employees as well as the employers in various aspects. The employees develop as more productive and efficient as the training is offered to them. The businesses improve the competence of the workers by offering them comprehensive trainings (Falola, Osibanjo and Ojo, 2014). The trainings are not only important for up surging the organisational productivity but also for increase the motivation level of the employees by letting them inform about the significance of their respective jobs. The key advantages which can be gained through the employee training comprises of reduced employee turnover, innovation in products and strategies, capacity to adopt new methods and technologies, resulting in financial gain, increased efficiencies in processes, increased motivation, increased job satisfact ion and improved employees performances (Aguinis and Kraiger, 2009). Employee performance As per the various authors and a number of researchers, the employees who tend to remain satisfied with their respective jobs possess higher job performance which ultimately results in high job retention and contended workforce. Moreover, it is also regarded as that the workers have high turnover rate when they are not satisfied and thus it results into demotivation of the workers a decreased employee performance (Saks and Haccoun, 2010). The performance of the employees is higher in the satisfied and contended employees and the organisational management feels relaxing in order to motivate them and attaining the desire targets. The organisational employees feel satisfied if they feel that they are capable enough to perform the job which is attained by the means of improved training programs (Bulut and Culha, 2010). By identifying the importance of training practices in the organisations, the mangers or the executives can develop improved working environment which results in enhanced motivation and performance of the employees. As per the author, a business organisation that laid down high emphasis upon the trainings as a source of competitive edge, build effective systems which can ensure regular on-job training sessions to the employees (Khan, 2012). The researcher highlights that the trained and competent employees are more competent in attaining the performance targets and achieving competitive benefits in the market. The organisational on-job training is considered as the approach of enabling the workforce for the accomplishment of the tasks with higher level of efficiency, therefore regarded as extremely vital part of managing the performances of the employees in a strategic manner (Phillips, 2012). The significance of paid on-job training for the performance of the employees, by the means of fastening the learning process, is also stated in a number of researches. The performance of the employees attained by the means of training is regarded as a tool for immediate improvement in the skills, abilities and knowledge of the employees for performing organisational tasks. Therefore, an increase level of employee commitment is achieved for the achievement of the organisational objectives (Cekada, 2010). The authors described that the training must leads to a culture of improved learning for enhancing the performance of the employees and thus results in higher organisational returns. The employee performance includes various factors which indirectly or directly affect the employees work. The performance of the employees can be classified in five specific aspects i.e. rewarding, rating, developing, monitoring and planning. The first stage is planning where the training goals are set, strategies are developed, the tasks are outlines and thus the goals are accomplished (Olaniyan and Ojo, 2008). In the monitoring phase, the organisational goals are outlined to analyze that whether the trainings are going well or not in order to meet the goals. Monitoring is done for measuring the employee performance and continuous feedbacks are offered to them so that there can be faster attainment of goals. The continuous monitoring offers an opportunity for evaluating how well the employees can meet the standards and perform. In the development phase, the employees improved their performances and the deficiencies are also addressed through effective training sessions (Owoyemi, Oyelere, Elegbede and Gbajumo-Sheriff, 2011). Theory for dependent variable and independent variable A variable can be understood as an aspect which can be changed or modified. There are two variables i.e. independent variable and dependent variable. The dependent variable is the one which is measured by the experimenter and the independent variable which is manipulated by the experimenter on the basis of changes made in depended variable. There is a cause and effect relationship between the dependent and the independent variable (Achen, 2000). Explaining Independent variable The independent variable can be better explained through learning theory such as according to the learning theory, the individuals give different answers to the situations or there are different individuals learning based upon the behaviour or the cognitive. Such as, here the independent variable is job training so the job training is perceived differently by different employees. If there will be a behavioral approach then the training will be used according to the individuals behaviour but if it is seen as cognitive then it will be seen or taken as for problem solving so that there can be gained a better control upon the job or work (Akdenix, et al., 2016). There are several authors and researchers that eave developed a relationship between the learning approach of the individuals and their learning outcomes (Pritchard, 2017). Explaining dependent variable The dependent variable can be better explained through motivation theory, According to the motivation theory of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, there are some specific needs of the individuals which are necessary to be accomplishing in order to keep the individual motivated. As per the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, it is essential that in an organisation, the employer must satisfy the physiological as well as safety needs of the employees in the initial stage. In this study, the dependent variable is employee performance, it can be analyzed that f the training provided to the employees are satisfactory in nature, then only the individual can eb motivated and there could be attained improved employee performance (Gopalan, Bakar, Zulkifli, Alwi and Mat, 2017). In the views of various other authors, it has also been stated that it is one of eth vital part of eth organisations to keep the workforce motivated and meet their needs so as the employees expect a return of their work done. So both f or the satisfaction of needs and expectancy of the employees, it is necessary that effective training must be offered to them to keep them motivated (Beck, 2003). Theoretical Framework: Understanding the relationship between on-job training and employees performance To implement the study, the following independent variable as well as dependent variable is demonstrated in the theoretical framework. The on the job training, training and development and training design are the major independent variables and employees performance is the dependent variable. The theoretical framework will explain the relationship between these variables. Impact of training design, training and Development and on the job training on Employees performance The several studies and researches offer an evidence of robust and positive association among the employees performances and the on-job training. The training and the development programs are regarded as the vital practice of human resource management which directly impacts the employees performance quality in respect with the skills and work-related knowledge (Nassazi, 2013). Therefore, all such things results in improved employee performance. The relationship between the performance and training ultimately contributes towards the excellent organizational performance (Lamba and Choudhary, 2013). The training design and paid job training is one of the most significant ways for the identification of the deprived employees needs and then helps in building the required capability and competence level so that there can be improved performances and faster attainment of the goals. There are several authors who have examined variations in the performances of the employees experienced due to the training programs (Ahmad and ud Din, 2009). The implementation of the training programs acts as a solution for the business organisation which lacks motivation, higher productivity and competence level among the employees. According to the author, the competency and the motivation level of the employees keeps on changing according to the trainings programs (Gruman and Saks, 2011). There are several employees which undergone these training program and develop their capabilities to understand the job profile in more effective manner and perform in an improved way. The trainings not only enhance the performance of the employees by performing the current job with increased knowledge, attitude and skills (Elnaga and Imran, 2013). With the help of training design and training programs, there is development of the employees competences and also enable them to perform the job related work in an effective manner and attain the business objectives and gaining competitive benefits (Ndunguru, 2015). The performances of the employees is also impacted by few environmental aspects that comprises of politics and power, performance appraisal systems, job design, organizational structure and corporate culture. If there are issues in all such afctors then the performance of the employees also decreases because of absence of adequate knowledge, attitude and the skills (Shilongo, 2013). To achieve effective training and to attain assured positive impact of the training programs on the performance of the employees, there must be effectively considered al these factors. The authors stated that the employees feel more committed towards their work as well as the organisational goals when the trainings are offered to them and so the overall performance of the employees also get elevated. The various reports and researches develop a positive relation among the productivity of the employees and the effective training sessions (Malik, Danish and Munir, 2012). It is the key responsibility of all the organisational managers to first recognize the various aspects which act as a barricade in the implementation of the training programs and thus there must be taken effective steps to neutralize the impact upon the performances of the employees (Aguinis and Kraiger, 2009). The authors also concluded and stated that there is attained improved level of commitment when the training attained the learning outcomes and enhances the overall performance both at the organisational as well as the individual level. Usually, it can also be debated that the impact of the training sessions on the employees results in higher level of motivation, enhanced organisational commitment and improved job satisfaction (Elnaga and Imran, 201 3). The work related attitudes, the capabilities and the approach towards the jobs, all have significant relation with the trainings offered to the employees. There is a need that all the trainings must be planned and strategically scheduled so that it can raise the organisational commitment (Manzoor, 2012). Conclusion The key objective of all the training programs is to increase the value of the employees performances. Therefore, all the various business organisations must design the training and development sessions of the workers as a regular activity. The purpose of training programs is that what all the employees will achieve after experiencing the training. The business organisations plan as well as implement the trainings for the employees by identifying the key objectives and purpose and gaining adequate skills, abilities and knowledge of the employees so that the training session can give the best possible results and improved employees performances. Thus, the organisations must develop and design the training session with clear set of objectives and goals while keeping the focus on the needs of the organisations as well as the employees. The study chiefly emphasis upon the impact of job training upon the performances of the employees. Training plays a significant role in building of capab ilities of the employees for performing the jobs in a more efficient and effective way. It also help in preparing the workforce to have effective hold of the future positions in the business organisations with higher level of competence and supports to overcome the incompetence of any job area. The study concludes that effective training is regarded as a key aspect for the improved employees and organisational performances and thus it can increase the firms competence. It also helps in supporting the gap that exists among the current and the required skills of the employees for improved performances. Thus, it can be concluded that the trainings session must be designed in an effective manner and regular trainings must be given to them so that the overall performance of the organisation as well as the employees can be improved. References Achen, C. H. (2000). Why lagged dependent variables can suppress the explanatory power of other independent variables.Ann Arbor,1001(2000), 48106-1248. Aguinis, H., Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society.Annual review of psychology,60, 451-474. Ahmad, I., ud Din, S. (2009). Evaluating training and development.Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences,7(2). Akdeniz, C., Bacanl?, H., Baysen, E., akmak, M., elikz, N., Do?ruer, N., Yal?n, H. I. (2016). Learning and Teaching: Theories, Approaches and Models. Amin, A., Saeed, R., Lodhi, R. N., Mizna, S., Iqbal, A., Tehreem, R. (2013). The impact of employees training on the job performance in education sector of pakistan.Middle-East journal of scientific research,17(9), 1273-1278. Beck, R. C. (2003).Motivation: Theories and principles, 4/e. Pearson Education India. Bulut, C., Culha, O. (2010). The effects of organizational training on organizational commitment.International Journal of Training and Development,14(4), 309-322. Cekada, T. L. (2010). Training needs assessment: Understanding what employees need to know.Professional Safety,55(03), 28-33. Elnaga, A., Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,5(4), 137-147. Falola, H. O., Osibanjo, A. O., Ojo, S. I. (2014). Effectiveness of training and development on employees performance and organisation competitiveness in the Nigerian banking industry.Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V,7(1), 161. Fawad Latif, K. (2012). An integrated model of training effectiveness and satisfaction with employee development interventions.Industrial and Commercial Training,44(4), 211-222. Gopalan, V., Bakar, J. A. A., Zulkifli, A. N., Alwi, A., Mat, R. C. (2017, October). A review of the motivation theories in learning. InAIP Conference Proceedings(Vol. 1891, No. 1, p. 020043). AIP Publishing. Gruman, J. A., Saks, A. M. (2011). Performance management and employee engagement.Human Resource Management Review,21(2), 123-136. Hameed, A., Waheed, A. (2011). Employee development and its affect on employee performance a conceptual framework.International journal of business and social science,2(13). Khan, M. (2012). The impact of training and motivation on performance of employees. Khan, R. A. G., Khan, F. A., Khan, M. A. (2011). Impact of training and development on organizational performance.Global Journal of Management and Business Research,11(7). Lamba, S., Choudhary, N. (2013). Impact of HRM practices on organizational commitment of employees.International Journal of Advancements in Research Technology,2(4), 407-423. Malik, M. E., Danish, R. Q., Munir, Y. (2012). The impact of pay and promotion on job satisfaction: Evidence from higher education institutes of Pakistan.American Journal of Economics,10(5), 6-9. Manzoor, Q. A. (2012). Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), 1. Nassazi, A. (2013). EFFECTS OF TRAINING ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE.: Evidence from Uganda. Ndunguru, S. (2015).The Impact of on the Job Training on Employees Performance: The case of Secondary School Teachers in Songea Municipality(Doctoral dissertation, The Open University Of Tanzania). Noe, R. A., Peacock, M. (2002). Employee training and development. Olaniyan, D. A., Ojo, L. B. (2008). Staff training and development: A vital tool for organisational effectiveness.European Journal of Scientific Research,24(3), 326-331. Owoyemi, O. A., Oyelere, M., Elegbede, T., Gbajumo-Sheriff, M. (2011). Enhancing employees commitment to organisation through training.International Journal of Business and Management,6(7), 280. Phillips, J. J. (2012).Return on investment in training and performance improvement programs. Routledge. Pritchard, A. (2017).Ways of Learning: Learning Theories for the Classroom. Routledge. Saks, A. M., Haccoun, R. R. (2010).Managing performance through training and development. Cengage Learning. Shilongo, H. N. (2013).The impact of performance related pay on employees-A case study of the performance incentive bonus scheme at the Motor Vehicle Accident Fund(Doctoral dissertation). Tahir, N., Yousafzai, I. K., Jan, S., Hashim, M. (2014). The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity A case study of United Bank Limited Peshawar City, KPK, Pakistan.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(4), 86.

The Effects of Media on Politics

Introduction Media refers to the various venues for messages meant to be consumed by a large audience. As a source of vital information, the media is charged with the responsibility of educating, informing and empowering the public. Consequently, the media has had significant effects on politics in most countries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Effects of Media on Politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The effects of media on politics can either be positive or negative. These effects are determined by a number of factors which include but not limited to media regulation, relationships between politicians and the media and the quality of journalism. This paper seeks to highlight how media influences the political process. The Positive Effects of Media Educating the Public on Government Polices The mass media has always provided the public with relevant information about the policies the government intends to implement. This has enabled the public to understand the impacts of such policies on their lives. During presidential campaigns, various presidential hopefuls use the media to highlight the policies they intend to implement if elected. Consequently, the public has been able to make the right voting decisions by comparing and contrasting the policies proposed by each candidate. Public policies associated with significant effects on the citizens are usually evaluated by the public before being implemented. The mass media provides the platform for analyzing or evaluating such policies in order to achieve consensus. Promoting Accountability The media has always played a critical role in enhancing transparency and accountability in the political process and governance in general. Through investigative journalism, the media exposes corruption within government cycles and the political leaders involved. Politicians associated with corruption are likely to lose their jobs if the media exposes their corrupt deeds in public. This is based on the concept of the powerful effect of media which implies that the impact of media messages on politicians’ reputation is significant and immediate. The media has always been on the forefront in evaluating the extent to which the politicians deliver their development promise to the public. This has resulted into accountability and transparency in the government. Facilitating Public Debate on Political Issues The mass media provides an effective platform for discussing important political issues especially during policy formulation. The debates are meant to obtain the public’s opinion on the political issue at hand. Through the mass media, the citizens are able to express their views on various policies or political decisions taken by the government. Incorporating public opinion in policies and political decisions has helped to restore public confidence in the government. This has led to political stability and harmony.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Enhancing Democracy The mass media has made significant contributions in enhancing democracy especially in developing countries that were earlier governed by dictatorial regimes. By pushing the government to allow the citizens to exercise their freedom of expression, the media has enabled the citizens to air their political opinions. The mass media has been used by citizens and interest groups to campaign against ineffective governments. This has been achieved through media messages that seek to activate the public to vote against ineffective regimes. Interest groups and reformists use the media to strengthen pro-democracy values that are popular in the country. The media has also been used to achieve vote conversion. The civil society has always campaigned against corrupt governments by using the media to shape the vot ing patterns. This means that they focus on encouraging supporters of the leaders they are opposed to shift their support to better leaders. Consequently, the politicians have been forced to promote democracy in order to be reelected. Negative Effects of Media on Politics Determining Political Agenda The mass media determines the issues to be considered by the public as important by concentrating on particular problems and ignoring others. This means that when the mass media focuses on a given issue, the issue becomes a priority of both the public and the government. However, such priorities are changed the moment the media shifts to a new issue. Thus the media’s attempt to shape voters’ perspective on political reality has always been biased. The political process in a democratic situation involves indentifying the issues that are of great importance to the citizens. The process of identifying such issue should involve widespread participation. However, this has not b een possible since the media unilaterally determines the agenda in regard to public discussions. This undermines the spirit of democracy and leads to the prioritization of political issues which may not reflect the felt needs of the public. Lack of Objectivity The information obtained from mass media in most cases is the product of those in power. In most cases, the journalists depend on the information they obtain from government sources or from politicians instead of conducting their own investigations. Such sources might not be reliable and gives the politicians a chance to influence public opinion. In some instance, the journalists are manipulated by the politicians. Thus they only report what is in the interest of those in power. This not only leads to biased reporting on politics but also encourages corruption, lack of accountability and impunity. By giving the ruling class a great control over the information that forms public opinion, the media weakens the public’s po wer over the political process.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Effects of Media on Politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Instead of highlighting the plight of the citizens, the media has become a tool for perpetuating the political interests of the ruling elite. In the last decade, the media has been found to work together with the government. Consequently, the media only criticizes the government when they are in conflicts. The government and the journalists decide on what should be in public knowledge or otherwise. This has led to poor governance and public ignorance on government affairs. Understanding of Political Issues The manner in which news is framed determines the way the citizens understand the causes as well as solutions to political problems. Owing to the fact that electoral accountability forms the basis of representative democracy, the citizens should be in a position to identify those responsible for socio-political problems. However, the media systematically sort out the issues to be prioritized and avert blame from the ruling class by presenting news as a fad without context. Most media houses engage in episodic news framing. This means that their news reports highlight only specific cases or aspects of political issues. However, some media companies embark on thematic news framing by reporting political issues in a general perspective. Episodic framing highlights major political issues. Thematic framing on the other hand provides collective evidence. Those who watch episodic news reports are not likely to consider the government responsible for the social problems. For example, a news report on poverty in a particular area may be blamed on the laziness of the poor. Those who watch thematic news reports are likely to blame the government for social problems. For example, news report on a countrywide poverty rate is likely to be attributed to poor governa nce. This means that the media can use its reporting styles to influence the publics’ perception of socio-political issues and how such issues can be solved. Thus if the media collaborates with the government, the later can manipulate its subjects to accept its policies even if they are not beneficial. Civic Literacy Under normal circumstances, the media is expected to facilitate civic literacy by providing a forum whereby the public and the prospective leaders can share views on political issues. However, the media has misused its role in facilitating civic literacy by monopolizing the process of determining the way political issues are to be discussed during elections and how the candidates should present their views. This means that the media has alienated the public from the civic literacy process. Thus the public is systematically losing its control over the democratic process.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The mass media is a source of information meant to be utilized by the public to make vital decisions. As a source of information, the media has the ability to influence public opinion. Besides, it influences the socio-political decisions made by the public. As discussed above, the media has significant effects on politics in US and other countries. Despite its significant contributions in promoting democracy and enhancing accountability, the media also has negative effects on the political process. In order to maximize the positive effects of the media on politics, the media should be independent and objective. Besides, it should focus on involving the public in shaping the political agenda. This research paper on The Effects of Media on Politics was written and submitted by user Talon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Google Apps for Education †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

Google Apps for Education Google makes wonders with all aspects of our life. Its apps are very useful when we talk about education, both middle and higher. Parents should not get at their children immediately when they find out that there are a lot of downloaded applications on their favourite devices. Many smart students use Google apps to complete educational tasks: To learn more on a given subject Get more ideas for upcoming class or essay Impress their teachers Get free help with the essay Watch an educating video Find and use relevant resources Google Apps to Increase Academic Performance After all, education apps are helpful for in-class education. Apple rewarded education system with the plenty of the best tools, but Big G apps are just as good. The main search engine in the world releases new products on a regular basis. Moreover, different upgrades with the fixed bugs become available within the most popular education apps. Such collaboration tools are nothing else than a part of the  Google Apps Education  suite. The installation process is very simple. Many students have already tried various offers like custom software called Google Classroom  to succeed. And it worked! Teachers should master new technology to keep in trend. Going Google means creating a friendlier, informative academic atmosphere. No matter how far you are, it is possible to connect to your school computers and download any assignment or lecture that you want. We will cover the benefits of Big G apps developed to make education easier from the aspect of teachers. How to Use Resources Properly to Achieve Better Results in Education? Create files in Google Doc in the shape of your lecture plan. You may share it with your peers. Add notes and drafts on the upcoming school events or student meeting in the same place and share it with everyone invited or interested in the event. It is better to translate all files saved on the drive to keep in touch with the non-English speaking students if you have such friends. It would show your respect and care. Open revision history in Google Docs whenever there is a need to review some previous lectures. Video chat might be useful when you decide to invite a professional or another student just like you to share valuable education-related information. Forms in Docs are very convenient when taking tests and quizzes to check your knowledge and skills. Some apps are also designed especially to meet such requirements. Develop a parent volunteer survey. This is the best approach to gathering and analyzing personal information on the families of your peers to find out whether they are satisfied with the existing educational system. You might need those contacts in the future. Post a special spreadsheet with schedules and free places availability to let your classmates know about all upcoming events like Prom Night. You may also send notifications via special Google apps. Share a grade-level folder with your friends so that these docs can be edited or fulfilled by them too in case you’ve missed something during the lecture. It will save a plenty of time on your education-related goals. Creating a website with inserted docs, schedules, forms, and tools is a must to get the best of educational process promptly and successfully. Post class activity or homework assignments to the single Google Drive. Gmail calendar is effective while creating various in-class assignments if you work in team and keep information divided into separate lists. By turning on inserted mail translation, every message would be automatically translated into any language. Keep updated about your personal progress in education by using a corresponding website in Google Sites. Spreadsheets are useful to track academic process as well. There are apps to speed up the process. Gather teacher observations in a separate sheet to use these data for better performance. Google resource calendar is another helpful option. Download and use student-driven vocabulary to enrich your professional and academic language. You may use special apps dedicated to English learning as well. Gmail translation tools will also help to find pen pals in other countries to improve education achievements. Google calendar and some apps are just the right place for long-term and short-term planning of your educational process. Top tools for education are just as effective for teachers and other professionals as essay writing services are for students. We believe that teachers should not be too strict with those who use such services. After all, students also need help with education sometimes. You can get it right here if you have some writing assignments to do urgently!

Computer Simulation Essays - Simulation Software, Free Essays

Computer Simulation Essays - Simulation Software, Free Essays Computer Simulation WARSIM 2000 is simulation software, used by the armed forces. Extensive, thorough, and tiring work has been done on thgis program. It covers almost all aspects and situations required for realistic, meticulous and a complete simulation. Information Technology has lead to the advancement of the tools required to build the simulator. Information Technolgys guideleines and technolgy have reinforced this creative simulator General Description of Operational Capability. WARSIM 2000 will increase the effectiveness of commander and battle staff training by dramatically increasing the realism and the scope of the available training environment. In conjunction with other services' simulations, WARSIM 2000 will provide a complete operational environment with scenarios drawn from the entire operational continuum to support Army, joint and coalition force training distributed across the globe. a. The WARSIM 2000 simulation system will use a computer-based simulation and associated hardware to support the training of unit commanders and their battle staffs from battalion through theater-level as well as to support training events in educational institutions. Designed and built using modern computer technology, modern software engineering techniques, and validated algorithms and databases, it will allow units world-wide to train using their organizational equipment. A key feature of the system will be its use of technology to minimize the total Army's overhead associated with supporting training. The system will be designed to meet emerging Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) standards and protocols to facilitate linkages with DIS compliant simulators and live training events. b. The WARSIM 2000 simulation system will consist of, or use, several components: (1) Computer-based battle simulation models that portray the joint and combined environment needed to support Army training events. (2) Software modules for linking WARSIM 2000 to other simulation models to expand the training environment for joint force training exercises. (3) Databases. (4) Computer systems to run the simulation models and support the databases. (5) Technical control systems/workstations for use by personnel in an exercise support function e.g., simulation controllers, analysts, and opposing/ surrounding forces role players. (6) Flexible and responsive terrestrial/satellite communications gateways and media for transmitting voice, data, facsimile, and video between different elements at remote locations involved in supporting a training exercise. c. WARSIM 2000 will meet the Mission Need Statement's (MNS's) requirement for providing a training environment that will allow unit commanders and battle staffs to focus their warfighters and systems in countering threats across the operational continuum. WARSIM 2000 must provide an environment that presents problems to stress and stimulate commanders and their battle staff to assess the situation, determine courses of action, and plan and issue new orders in a timely manner, all while using their organizational equipment and procedures. d. Logistical support for WARSIM 2000 will be based on a government- owned contractor-supported system. The government will own necessary hardware, have all proprietary rights to the developmental hardware and software components, and full license rights to the non-developmental software components of WARSIM 2000. Contracted logistical support will provide for the maintenance of government-owned computer hardware at all times. e. The acquisition and development strategy for WARSIM 2000 must abide by several constraints. (1) The WARSIM 2000 acquisition must build upon the successful infrastructure of current simulations so that the training community (Army and international) can train in an evolutionary progressive yet consistent manner. The Army has invested significant resources into developing its training simulation systems, linking them with other service simulations via the Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol confederation, and proliferating them throughout the Army and the international community. While these systems have shortcomings that must be fixed, they provide a training environment and representations of combat that have been accepted by the training community world-wide. The WARSIM 2000 acquisition must allow the confederation of simulations structure to evolve in a manner that allows current users (Army and international) to maintain access to the confederation without having to make a substantial near-term investment in resources. (2) Meeting the WARSIM 2000 requirements will demand significant technological innovations. However, there are many existing and developing systems that could and should be part of the overall solution. The acquisition strategy must ensure that developers optimize the investment of each service in existing systems (instead of starting from a blank sheet of paper) and insert echnology into the training

Ethics Final Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics Final - Term Paper Example Throughout the 9 years of service, we have believed and continue to believe in trust, integrity and honesty in our professional job setting and this has been the firm’s cornerstone up to this level. We stand for the laws of the United States and other global countries in which our firm operates and we strive to do legitimate business and have learnt to be accountable for every action or decision taken. In our firm, we make every effort to excel in everything that we do say. For instance, securing supplies in the most ethical ways and ensuring that we offer the best quality products within the industry. We even take on the most challenging tasks and ensure that we do not stop until the job is well done. We are always dedicated to our services and approach each day strongly and with much energy and excitement. We always strive in being different and unique from the rest in terms of providing products and offering our services. We hold on to the highest standards of ethics in ter ms of how we relate to our suppliers, customers, competitors, fellow employees and other relevant stakeholders. The firm’s success depends on confidence and trust that we earn from the customers, employees as well as our shareholders. As management, we adhere to our objectives, vision and mission, and commitments through showing honesty and integrity to all parties when conducting business and ensure that our goals are reached solely through good and ethical conduct and this has increased our credibility in the market (Trevino & Weaver, 154). The culture of an ethically conducted business is defined from the top management and trickles down to the rest of the organizational chart. For any business to be ethical, the top management must first demonstrate ethical standards in everything that they do including decision making, dealing with employees among other

Comparing the way that Karl Marx and Max Weber perceive social classes Term Paper

Comparing the way that Karl Marx and Max Weber perceive social classes - Term Paper Example Marx famously reduced historical development to a function of economics, depicted as a struggle between the proletariat or working classes and the bourgeoisie as owners of the means of production. In contrasting modern capitalist societies with feudal systems, Marx taught a historical dynamic of evolution of culture through the political economics of inequality he viewed as a repeating cycle in cultures. Marx tended to view artistic, cultural, and religious sentiment as expressed by societies and individuals as also strictly determinant terms and reflective of the political economy. That this critique was influential in Weber’s time is shown through workers’ organizations, labor movements and student radicalism as experienced across all of Germany and most of Europe following the publication of Marx’s political economics and call to communist / socialist revolution. However, historical conflict exists between Marx, Engels, and the Social Democratic Party in Germany with regard to what the founders viewed as the party’s adoption of views and policies that compromised the worker’s movement and revolutionary struggle while appealing to its force. It is in these ideological reforms of Marxism that were introduced by the SDP in Germany historically, creating a more mainstream Socialism that could be integrated into the western democratic political system without worker’s revolution, that it is necessary to view the differences between Karl Marx and Max Weber’s theories of class. â€Å"There can be no doubt whatever that what interests all internationalists most is the state of affairs among the German Social-Democratic opposition. Official German Social-Democracy, which was the strongest and the leading party in the Second International, struck the heaviest blow at the international workers’ organisation. But at the same time, it was in German Social-Democracy that the strongest opposition was found... The split in the present-day

Kates children Essay Example for Free

Kates children Essay It is a dark damp day; the rain is beating down on the corrugated iron of my four-roomed cottage on Condobolin Road. It is still early hours, however my husband William has already left to visit his parents Frederick and Mary on their property, as the wind and rain has brought down two of their great gum trees. My children are still sleeping soundly. I am not feeling well again today, I have not felt well since Maggies death, some two years ago. My head has not felt right; it tells me to do things that women shouldnt even think of. I am not a well human being; I do not feel anymore, this haunts me. I feel great remorse and pity for myself. I am however fit to right my story, my life. My name is Catherine Ada Foster, however I am better known as Kate Kelly, sister of the renowned Ned Kelly. I was born in Beveridge on the 12th of July 1863, as the seventh child born to my parents John Red Kelly and Ellen Quinn. Mary, the eldest is the sister I never knew, as she passed away at infancy. Second born was Anne then came Edward- everyone knowing him as Ned, then Margaret, James and Daniel. At the young age of just three years old in 1866, many events took place that changed my life; my little sister Grace came into the world around the same time we as a family moved to Avenel. That year my father John Kelly also passed away of dropsy, an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body tissues, or cavities causing swelling or distension of the affected parts. This left my mother a widow and seven children fatherless, so we moved in with my aunt in Greta. After living there for twelve months, mother took up her own selection on the Eleven-Mile-Creek in the Glenrowan district, and there we moved into a newly erected two-roomed hut built by Ned. In Greta, I attended school and upon finishing I spent my time helping mother with the younger children, as she had remarried George King in 1874, and had two more children, Ellen and John- making a family of eleven, most of us being exceptional horsemen. It was just five years before in 1969 when Ned was first bought before the police court for two cases, at just fifteen years of age. He was charged with assault of a fowl and pig dealer named Ah Fook, and secondly aiding a bushranger, Harry Power, in some of his robberies. Luckily for Ned and Mother, he was found not guilty in both cases. However before the end of that year, Ned was convicted again for assault and indecent behaviour resulting in six months hard labor. Our family name was becoming well known around our area, as the police were giving us a bad name for petty things my older brother did. When Ned was released from prison, just three weeks later he received a beautiful brown mare off a friend he met during his labor times. However the police were on to him and arrested Ned as the horse was stolen, Ned had no idea of this, but this didnt seem to matter to the police as he received three years hard labor. I was about fifteen years of age when the suitor Constable Alexander Fitzpatrick became attracted to me. He did not have a good name for himself, already fathering two children to different mothers. He tried to pose as a friend of the family, however my brothers were not fools to be reckoned with, and they did not trust him. On the 15th of April 1878, Fitzpatrick rode up to our house and Dan went outside. He asked Dan to go to Greta with him, as he had a warrant for stealing Whittys horses. Dan refused and asked to see the warrant, and Fitzpatrick said he had none. My mother told Fitzpatrick he had no business on her premises so he pulled out his revolver and said he would blow her brains out if she interfered. Mother said that Ned was present and he would come out and ram the revolver down his throat. It was obvious that Fitzpatrick had been drinking. As he was sitting on the stool waiting for Dan to finish his meal, I in my course of duties passed by him and he tried to kiss me. All my brothers tried to stop him. Fitzpatrick was drunk, they were sober but his story was believed above ours. He stated that my mother had struck him with a fire shovel, Dan had beaten him and Ned had shot him in the wrist and wounded him. He also incriminated William Williamson and Maggies husband William Skillion who he insisted on being there when the incident took place. The outcome resulted in long harsh sentences for mother, and our neighbours Skillion and Williamson. Ned and Dan hadnt waited for their arrest and fled into the Wombat Ranges. 1 I was very angry that even the doctor who attended Fitzpatricks wounds, did not confirm that there was a bullet wound, and also that there was a strong smell of liquor on his breath.

Employment and Its Effect on Economics :: Economy United States Essays Business

How has the level of employment/unemployment and national minimum wage legislation impacted on the economy as a whole and how will this effect the economy in the years to come? What is the current state of our economy? Well many economists think that this year the economy will slowdown. In the last ten years or so our ecomony has been driven by factors such as high consumer spending and the soaring property market, our economy has have already witnessed the housing market slowing down this in turn will have an effect on household spending. As for our manufacturing industry this has reported its worst fall in output in more than 10 years, increasing fears over the health of the UK economy. Also Factory production it is reported fell by 4% in the year 2002, This is the largest annual slump since 1991, this is according to figures from the Office for National Statistics. Britain's manufacturing industry is going through its worst recession since the early 1990s, however high consumer spending has so far protected the wider economy. 2004 has seen a rise in economic growth both in the UK and worldwide. Britain has had what economists call full employment for quite some time the problem for the future is that this could soon change and we could end up like germany with 10.5 % of the population out of work. The reason that this could happen is that many jobs that exist today were created by the boom in the housing market in the 90?s however in the last four years or so house prices have doubled which has resulted in lower consumer spending growth this in turn has an knock on effect on the on the level of employment required in the retail industry and this is a problem. How can employment be classified? There are four types of job. These are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary jobs. Primary jobs involve getting raw materials from the natural environment e.g. Mining, farming and fishing. Secondary jobs involve making things (manufacturing) e.g. making cars and steel. Tertiary jobs involve providing a service e.g. teaching and nursing. Quaternary jobs involve research and development e.g. IT. Employment Structures Employment structure means how the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary and tertiary. Employment structures change over time. Developing Countries usually have a high percentage of the population in primary employment.

6th Amendment and the Courts

6th Amendment and the courts Alice Groh CRJS215-1301A-02 February 17, 2013 John Mcrae Abstract In writing this paper the author will attempt to explain the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th amendments of the United States Constitution and how they apply to criminal defendants. The author will explain how the 6th amendments specific rights apply to the court system in this nation. This paper will also look at how this amendment is implemented within the criminal justice system in this country to see if it is working as intended. th Amendment and the courts The Bill of Rights provides certain rights to all individuals including rights for those accused of committing crimes. The 4th amendment gives people the right to be secure in their person, home, papers, and effects against unreasonable search and seizure, no warrants shall be issued without probable cause and must list the place to be searched and the person or property to be seized (Bill of rights, n. d. ).The 5th amendment protects a person from being tried in a court of law twice for the same crime (known as double jeopardy), or to be a witness against himself (self-incrimination), or to be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law (Bill of rights, n. d. ). The 6th amendment gives the accused the right to a speedy trial, by an impartial jury, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to confront witnesses against him, to obtain witnesses on his behalf, and to have counsel for his defense (The sixth amendment, n. . ). The 8th amendment forbids excessive bail, excessive fines being imposed, or cruel and unusual punishment from being inflicted upon the accused (Bill of rights, n. d. ). The 6th amendment has affected the way the accused are processed from arrest through sentencing phases of the criminal justice system. â€Å" The 6th amendment focuses completely on the rights of a person accused of committing a crime† ( The sixth amendment, n. d. . The 6th amendment give s the accused seven specific rights. These rights are the right to a speedy trial, the right to a public trial, the right to an impartial jury, the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusations, the right to confront witnesses against them, the right to present their own witnesses, and the right to counsel even if they cannot afford to hire their own counsel (The sixth amendment, n. d. ).The right to a speedy trial stops a person from sitting in jail indefinitely without being tried for the crime they are accused of committing. The right to a public trial allows the public to observe exactly what is happening, satisfies the public’s desire to see justice done, and stops corruption from court officials. The right to an impartial jury reduces corruption in the trial proceedings, puts your fate in the hands of average citizens instead of one person the judge, and lets society have a say in what the punishment should be.The right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against you means that you are told the specific charges and allegations against you, when they supposedly occurred, and helps in stopping false charges from being filed against a person. The right to confront witnesses against you means that those witnesses must accuse you face to face in court, allows you to cross-examine them, ask questions of them, and examine their credibility.The right to call your own witnesses allows the accused to defend one’s self and helps guard against unfair and unjust accusations from being made. This clause guarantees that you can call your own witnesses and that if they refuse to testify the court can subpoena them to court. The right to counsel guarantees that the accused has a lawyer to help defend and assist them throughout the criminal process. If a person cannot afford to hire counsel then the court must appoint counsel for them. The right to counsel may be the most important right guaranteed within the 6th amendm ent.The right to counsel begins at the time of arrest and continues throughout the criminal proceedings even if the accused cannot afford to hire counsel themselves. I fully agree with the way the court system has implemented the rights of the 6th amendment in the criminal justice system. Without these rights the criminal justice system would not work as we know it. People accused of crimes would be unjustly and unfairly accused and tried for crimes they may have not committed and would have no way of defending themselves.The people accused of these crimes would find themselves living in a very barbaric court system. References Aiu online virtual campus website. Instructor files week 1 Bill of Rights. (n. d. ). Retrieved February 17, 2013 from http://www. archives. gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript. html The sixth amendment. (n. d. ). Revolutionary war and beyond. Retrieved February 17, 2013 from http://www. revolutionarywarandbeyond. com/6th-amendment. html

Importance of Leadership

Chapter 1 The Importance of Leadership D. Quinn Mills Leadership How to Lead, How to Live  © 2005 D. Quinn Mills. All Rights Reserved. Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live Few things are more important to human activity than leadership. Effective leadership helps our nation through times of peril. It makes a business organization successful. It enables a not-for-profit organization to fulfill its mission. The effective leadership of parents enables children to grow strong and healthy and become productive adults. The absence of leadership is equally dramatic in its effects. Without leadership, organizations move too slowly, stagnate, and lose their way. Much of the literature about organizations stresses decision-making and implies that if decision-making is timely, complete, and correct, then things will go well. Yet a decision by itself changes nothing. After a decision is made, an organization faces the problem of implementation—how to get things done in a timely and effective way. Problems of implementation are really issues about how leaders influence behavior, change the course of events, and overcome resistance. Leadership is crucial in implementing decisions successfully. Each of us recognizes the importance of leadership when we vote for our political leaders. We realize that it matters who is in office, so we participate in a contest, an election, to choose the best candidate. Investors recognize the importance of business leadership when they say that a good leader can make a success of a weak business plan, but that a poor leader can ruin even the best plan. 10 The Importance of Leadership Who Will Gain from Leadership? Do you want to be a leader? Or, if you’re already a leader, do you want to improve your leadership? Do you want to affect what other people do—to help them accomplish important goals? Do you want to point the way in your organization? Do you want to climb the promotion ladder to positions of higher authority and greater pay? Leadership will make these things possible. You should read this book if: †¢ †¢ You are interested in leadership and how it affects you. You plan to lead an organization or are already in a leadership position. You are interested in developing yourself to meet the challenges you will confront in a leadership role. You wish to make a difference in the world through leadership. †¢ †¢ The Meaning of Leadership What is leadership? It is a process by which one person influences the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of others. Leaders set a direction for the rest of us; they help us see what lies ahead; they help us visualize what we might achieve; they encourage us and inspire us. Without leadership a group of human beings quickly degenerates into argument and conflict, because we see things in different ways and lean toward different solutions. Leadership helps to point us in the same direction and harness our efforts jointly. Leadership is the 11 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live bility to get other people to do something significant that they might not otherwise do. It’s energizing people toward a goal. Without followers, however, a leader isn’t a leader, although followers may only come after a long wait. For example, during the 1930s Winston Churchill urged his fellow Englishmen to face the coming threat from Hitler’s Germany. But most Englishmen preferred to believe that Hitler could be appeased—so that a war could be avoided. They were engaged in wishful thinking about the future and denial that the future would be dangerous. They resented Churchill for nsisting that they must face the danger. They rejected his leadership. He had very few followers. But finally reality intruded—Germany went too far and war began. At this point Churchill was acclaimed for his foresight, and became prime minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. During this period almost all Englishmen accepted his leadership willingly. True leadership is sometimes hard to distinguish from false leadership, which is merely a form of pretending. Winston Churchill was a real and great leader. But there are also people who wish to appear to be leaders, but aren’t actually. They say that they are leading others; they posture as if they are setting direction and inspiring others. Yet often they are merely pretending. There’s an old saying that the way to become a leader is to find a parade and run to the front of it. We refer to a person â€Å"leading† a parade, but walking at the front isn’t really leadership unless the person in front is actually choosing the direction! If the person isn’t choosing the direction, then being at the front of the line is merely a way to pretend to be a leader. 12 The Importance of Leadership Leadership can be used for good or ill. Hitler seemed to be a leader of the German people, but he set an evil direction. He had great leadership skills, but put them to terrible uses. Sometimes people in business use leadership skills to exploit others. Sometimes people in charitable organizations use leadership skills to benefit themselves rather than the people they are supposed to help. Leadership skills can be perverted to pursue bad ends. The Importance of Ethics The danger that leadership will be perverted is why ethics are so important to good leadership. Ethics are the inner compass that directs a person toward what is right and fair. Only if a person has an inner ethical compass can he or she be sure that leadership qualities will not turn to evil ends. Learning to lead with good objectives is the only purpose of this book. So let us say that those who do harm are not leaders at all; we recognize that they may be influential and persuasive, but we will not think of them as leaders. With confidence that you, good readers of this book, will put leadership to noble ends, we go forward. The Work of the Leader Taking a leadership position means several things: A leader must have a vision of the future for the organization and its members. 3 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-1 TAKING A LEADERSHIP POSITION Taking a leadership position means: †¢ †¢ Having a vision about what can be accomplished. Making a commitment to the mission and to the people you lead. Taking responsibility for the accomplishment of the mission and the welfare of those you lead. Assuming risk of loss and failure. Acc epting recognition for success. †¢ †¢ †¢ A leader must be able to express his or her vision clearly and in a compelling manner so that others are engaged by it. (See Executive Summary 1-1. A leader has to make a commitment to his or her vision, to the organization, and to the members of the organization. A leader can’t be committed one day and uninterested the next. People will judge a leader by his or her commitment, and will commit themselves no more than the leader does. A leader assumes a considerable amount of responsibility— not just for the mission that he or she urges others to accept, nor just for the organization he or she heads, but for his or her followers, their lives and efforts, as well. 14 The Importance of Leadership A leader assumes risk. If there is no risk, little leadership is required. If the effort is easy and certain to succeed, anyone can, and probably will, â€Å"lead† it. But where the effort entails a risk of failure, then many people will quail before the challenge and leadership is necessary to get people to make the commitment and the effort to succeed. In most organizations, one associates high levels of leadership with high levels of authority. The chief executive of a company usually plays more of a leadership role than people at lower levels of the hierarchy in the firm. It is the same in notfor-profits and government agencies. The higher on the job ladder a person is, the more she is expected to exhibit leadership. In the military, however, the opposite holds true, and for a very good reason. In the military the greatest leadership challenge is to get other people to risk their lives in combat. Generally, the higher one goes in the chain of command, the less exposure he has to the battlefield, and the less exposure to men and women who are in combat. The officers who have responsibility for commanding soldiers in combat have the greatest leadership challenge, for they must get others to risk their lives. Michael Jordan’s brother is an army sergeant major leading a deployment in Iraq in which he is responsible for more than 2,000 soldiers. Offered an opportunity to leave his assignment in combat, he chose to stay with his unit in harm’s way. In so doing, he accepted one of the military’s most significant leadership challenges. 15 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live The first responsibility in a position of leadership is to have a vision. (See Executive Summary 1-2. ) The visionary leader must create his or her concept of what the organization can accomplish. A business leader may be leading a few people in a department or an entire company; a military leader a small squad or an entire army. The vision may be smaller when the group of people is small; and much broader when the group of people is large, but it must be forward-looking and exciting in either case. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-2 VISIONARY LEADERSHIP Visionary leadership requires: †¢ †¢ Creating a vision, a mission, and a strategy. Communicating the vision/mission/strategy and getting buy-in. Motivating action. Helping an organization grow, evolve, and adapt to changing circumstances. †¢ †¢ The leader must also provide a mission—what needs to be done—and a strategy, a path, for how to accomplish the mission and achieve the vision, a way for the group to get there. But having an exciting vision, an exciting mission, and a careful strategy is not sufficient. A leader must clearly communicate them. Only if people grasp the vision can they commit to it, and buy-in is crucial to motivating action. Finally, a vision cannot be rigid and unchanging; it must adapt 16 The Importance of Leadership to changing circumstances, growing and evolving. Otherwise it becomes outdated and obsolete, and loses its power to excite and motivate people. Leaders versus Administrators and Managers Leadership is not the same thing as being in a position of authority. It is possible to be a boss in a company without being a leader. A boss can be more of an administrator than a leader. Conversely, an administrator can be effective in his job without being a leader. The administrator is a bureaucrat— whether in government or in business—a person who keeps careful records and sees that things are done according to the rules. On the other hand, a leader can be effective without being an administrator—leaving rules, regulations, and their enforcement to others. Administration is not as exciting a topic as leadership, but it is almost as important. The success of organizations depends to a great degree on how well they are administered. A manager is often thought to be primarily an administrator. But a manager is not an administrator; management requires a special set of skills of its own. And being a manager is different from being a leader, as we shall see below. So there are three roles: administrator, manager, and leader. A manager has the broadest role, and a good manager has much of an administrator and a leader in him or her. A manager needs to set direction and inspire others to get work done (leadership functions) and he or she needs to keep records and see that rules are followed (administrative functions). 17 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live The manager is a necessary combination of leader and administrator. (See D. Quinn Mills, Principles of Management, Waltham, MA: MindEdge Press, 2005. ) But leadership is the most important of the three roles. Administrators What does an administrator do? (See Executive Summary 13. ) An administrator applies rules and regulations generally developed by top executives of an organization. In the government, the key rules and regulations are often issued by legislative authorities like the U. S. Congress). He or she keeps records and fills out forms necessary to take administrative steps (like getting employees paid or reimbursing an employee for travel expenses). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-3 ELEMENTS OF ADMINISTRATION The elements of administration are: †¢ †¢ Making rules and regulations Making decisions that apply and interpret rules and regulations Keeping records Filling out forms †¢ †¢ 18 The Importance of Leadership Managers What does a manager do? See Executive Summary 1-4. ) He or she makes plans and creates budgets that set forth in great detail how something will be accomplished and how much money and other resources (e. g. , people, office space) are necessary to accomplish those plans and budgets. He decides who is going to be assigned to the necessary tasks and how they will fit into the organization. She supervises the actions people take, ensuring that they are doing the right things, that no money is being misappropriated or wasted (we call this â€Å"controlling†), and when problems arise she helps to resolve them. Finally, by combining these tasks into a coherent whole, the manager makes the organization operate efficiently. Running an organization effectively requires administration, management, and leadership. Leadership is ordinarily in shorter supply than administrative or managerial competence. Leadership is more important and more demanding for most people. Fewer people are able or willing to be leaders, so it tends to be a higher calling than administration or management. There is a large literature discussing the differences between leaders and managers. There is also an important distinction to make between leaders and administrators. In general, a leader takes a broader view and points an organization toward necessary, even critical, change. The core of the criticism in the literature is that organizations of all sorts (corporations, government agencies, and not-for-profit organizations) tend to be over-managed (and/or over-administrated) and under-led. Because of over-management and overadministration, organizations are slow to make necessary changes and achieve less than what they could. This is a substantial criticism that points to the importance of leadership. 19 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-4 ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT The elements of management are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Planning and budgeting Setting direction Organizing and staffing Aligning the efforts of many people Controlling Decision-making and problem solving Motivating and inspiring people The Nature of Leadership True leadership is special, subtle, and complex. Too often we confuse things like personal style and a position of authority with leadership. †¢ Leadership is not primarily a particular personality trait. A trait closely linked to leadership is charisma, but many people who have charisma (for example, movie actors and sports figures) are not leaders. Leadership is not primarily a set of important objectives. It involves getting things done. †¢ 20 The Importance of Leadership †¢ Leadership is not primarily a formal position. There have been great leaders who did not hold high positions—for example, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Jeanne d’Arc—and there are people who hold high positions who are not leaders at all, but administrators who don’t want to rock the boat. Leadership is not primarily a set of behaviors. Many leadership manuals suggest that what defines leadership is things such as delegating and providing inspiration and vision; but people who are not leaders can do these things, and some effective leaders don’t do them all. †¢ Many discussions of leadership confuse any and all of the above— personality, important objectives, formal position, specific behaviors—with leadership. (See John P. Kotter, What Leaders Really Do, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999. ) But leadership is more than any of the above characteristics. It’s a process by which one influences the thoughts and behaviors of others in a substantial way. It may involve charisma, important objectives, a formal position, and a particular set of behaviors, but it is not limited to any of them. Effective leaders are often very complex people. Writing about Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector of England during the English civil wars of the seventeenth century, a foremost historian marveled at the complexity of his personality. â€Å"There was no single Cromwell, â€Å" he wrote, â€Å"—that is, a clear-cut individual†¦Instead, there was a multiplicity of Cromwells, each linked to the other by his enormous vitality†¦Firstly, there was the very human, simple and compassionate man, a visionary and a romantic. Secondly, there was a violent, boisterous and irascible bully. Thirdly, there was the resolute and iron-willed general†¦Fourthly, the calculating politician, the man of expedients who had no guiding principles. 21 Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live And lastly, there was†¦the Cromwell†¦who, as the interpreter of God’s will, was capable of committing any atrocity. † (J. F. C. Fuller, A Military History of the Western World, Volume 2, New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1955, p. 110. Because leaders can be so complex, we must be careful in our generalizations about leaders and their personalities. But not all leaders are such complex personalities, which is good for most of us who aspire to leadership. Examples of Leadership Leadership in Business In the 1980s Harley-Davidson was almost knocked out of business by competition from other firms. To survive, it needed to change dramatically. Rich Teerlink, the company’s leader, was able to save the firm financial ly, but with the pressure off, the challenge of continuing to improve seemed even more daunting. Could Teerlink get his managers and employees to make the significant, and to many of them inconvenient, changes necessary? He did it by building a different company, one driven from the bottom up by employees rather than from the top down by managers. It’s a story of successes and failures, advances and setbacks, dead ends and breakthroughs, ending in a much stronger company than before. (Read the inspiring story in Rich Teerlink and Lee Ozley, More Than a Motorcycle: The Leadership Journey at Harley-Davidson, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000. 22 The Importance of Leadership Leadership in Government When Charles O. Rossotti became commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in 1997, the agency had the largest customer base—and the lowest approval rating—of any institution in America. Mired in scandal, caught in a political maelstrom, and beset by profound management and technology problems, the IRS was widely dismissed as a hopelessly flawed an d dysfunctional organization. Rossotti— the first businessperson to head the IRS—transformed the much-maligned agency. In the glare of intense public scrutiny, he effected dramatic changes in the way the IRS did business—while the agency continued to collect $2 trillion in revenue. Through heated congressional hearings, encounters with Washington bigwigs, frank exchanges with taxpayers and employees, and risky turnaround strategies, Rossotti demonstrated leadership against daunting odds. (Read this enlightening story in Charles O. Rossotti, Many Unhappy Returns: One Man's Quest to Turn Around the Most Unpopular Organization in America, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2005. ) 23

Yogh - A Letter of the Alphabet in Middle English

Yogh - A Letter of the Alphabet in Middle English Yogh  (Ê’)  was a  letter  of the alphabet in  Middle English. According to the editors of the American Heritage Dictionary, yogh was used to represent the sound (y) and the voiced and voiceless velar fricatives. Yogh can be found in the original manuscript of the late-14th-century romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight [Sir Gawayn and à ¾e Grene KnyÈ t], but the letter  died out during the 15th century. Middle English yogh was derived from the insular g in  Old English.  As explained below, the letter was pronounced in different ways according to a number of factors. Although the yogh has no exact equivalent today, it can  correspond to Modern English y as in yet, Modern English gh as in light, and Scottish English  ch as in loch. Examples and Observations The yogh ... asks us to make the sound that most Germans make when they say ich, which most Scots people make when they say loch, which most Welsh people make when they say bach, and which some Liverpudlians make when they say back. As the Old English said this kind of sound a good deal, it was very useful to have a letter for it. They had the Roman g which we see in the first line of Beowulf. The yogh was used in the Middle English period (late 12th-15th centuries) to represent the ch sound, perhaps as g had other work to do.(Michael Rose, Alphabetical: How Every Letter Tells a Story. Counterpoint, 2015)Pronunciations of Yogh in Middle EnglishYogh (Ê’) was pronounced in several different ways, according to its position in the word. Initially, yogh was pronounced like y, as in Modern English yet. It had the same sound after the vowels e, i, or y, for example in the Middle English words yÊ’e (eye) and hiÊ’e (high), which unlike their Modern English counterparts were pronounce d with two syllables. Within words or at the ends of words, yogh or gh sometimes represented the sound of w, as in folÊ’ed (followed), or innoÊ’e (enough), which we know from its use in rhyme was pronounced enow rather than with an f sound as in Modern English enough. Before t and after e, i, or y, yogh or gh was pronounced like ch in German ich (for example, in the Middle English ryÊ’t, right); before t and after a and o it was pronounced like the ch in Scottish loch or German Bach (for example, in Middle English soÊ’te, sought). It had the same value word-finally in the word à ¾aÊ’, though. However, at the ends of words, it more often represented the unvoiced sound of s as in Modern English sillthough it may also at times have represented the ​voiced sound of z as in Modern English zeal (Vantuona 176).(David Gould,  Pearl of Great Price: A Literary Translation of the Middle English Pearl. University Press of America, 2012)   The gh Pronunciation of Yogh- [I]n Old English, ... one of the sound values of the letter yogh was /x/. ... Words like niÊ’t, hiÊ’, burÊ’, miÊ’t and thoÊ’ were respelled by French scribes with a gh, so we get night, high, burgh, might and though as common spellings for these words in early Middle English. To begin with, the gh continued to be pronounced. When we read in the opening lines of The Canterbury Tales about the little birds sleeping all through the nyght, we need to take that spelling at face value and read it as /nIxt/, with the ch sound of Scots loch or Welsh bach. But the /x/ disappeared from southern English during the 15th and 16th centuries. North of the border, and in some other provincial accents, it stayedhence modern Scots spellings such as moonlicht nicht.(David Crystal, Spell It Out. Picador, 2014)- [T]he breathy English g or y sound (once denoted by the English letter yogh) came to be spelled as GH. ... However, it was GHs bad luck to be left beh ind by subsequent, general changes in English pronunciation. Originally, in words like sight, although, cough, or enough, the Norman GH-spelling mirrored the medieval pronunciations. Yet these pronunciations later changed, variously, and today the whole family of English GH words is notoriously unphonetic in spellingto the frustration of purists. ...(David Sacks,  Letter Perfect: The A-to-Z History of Our Alphabet. Knopf, 2010)- The digraph gh causes difficulty. It is commonly a relic of a velar or palatal fricative that is preserved as a velar fricative /x/ in Scots, as in bricht night (bright night). (1) It is normally silent after u as in taught, drought, naughty, thought, though, through, thorough, bough, and after i as in straight, weight, height, high, light, night. (2) It is pronounced /f/ in a few words such as cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough. (3) In the following place-names in England, each gh is different: Slough (rhymes with how), Keighley (Keethley), Loughborough ( Luff-). (4)   In hiccough, the gh was substituted for p (hiccup) in the mistaken belief that the word derived from cough. (5) It has disappeared in AmE draft, plow (formerly also used in BrE) and in dry, fly, sly, although preserved in the related nouns drought, flight, sleight. (6) It sometimes alternates with ch in related words: straight/stretch, taught/teach.(Tom McArthur,  Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 2005) From Yogh to Zee in Scottish EnglishThe yogh owes its origin to the Irish scribes who arrived in Saxon Britain in the 8th Century and began teaching the Anglo-Saxons to writebefore this, old English was written in runes ... .It fell out of favor with the Normans, whose scribes disliked non-Latin characters and replaced it with a y or g sound, and in the middle of words with gh. But the Scottish retained the yogh in personal and place names, albeit mutating into a z to please the typesetters of the day.Inevitably, however, the euphemistic z became a real z, in some quarters at least. The surname MacKenzie now almost universally takes the zee sound although it would have originally been pronounced MacKenyie.(Why is Menzies Pronounced Mingis? BBC News, January 10, 2006) Pronunciation: YOG or yoKH Also see: From A to Z: Quick Facts About the AlphabetKey Events in the History of the English LanguageSpelling