Work At Home and Be Your Own Boss an Example by

Work At Home and Be Your Own Boss To what extent have you been jobless? Or on the other hand on the off chance that you are grinding away, would you say you are the conventional eight to five office laborer or the non-customary business person, who works any place and at whatever point the activity requires you? In the event that you the customary, 40-hrs per week proficient, what amount time do you truly need to spend from home to work and back? Furthermore, what amount time have you truly been gainful? Do you like being pushed around and determined what to do each and every waking hour of the day? It is safe to say that you are fulfilled at how things are in the workplace: with the bundy clock that reveals to you that you ought to have been 10 minutes sooner so your compensation slip would not have been deducted even a solitary penny? Or then again simply being with individuals that you would prefer truly not to be working with around? What about the paper stirs that record up on your table that should be done cont inuously end or, in all likelihood you will be reproved by your chief? Shouldn't something be said about a week ago when you need to do someone elses work on what you are now doing in light of the fact that you have recently arrived in a week or something like that and new representatives are dealt with that way? Need paper test on Work At Home and Be Your Own Boss subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue Understudies Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals:I'm not in the temperament to compose my article. Since I need to invest energy with my familySpecialists propose: Buy An Essay Which Will Lead You To Your Academic SuccessCustom Writing Service Cheap Custom Writing Service Custom Writing Reviews Best Essay Writing Service Shouldn't something be said about the every day drives? How frequently do you have to get up sooner than expected regardless of whether it is a Monday morning and you have quite recently had a difficult night with your wiped out infant? Or on the other hand consider the odor of different explorers you smell while on board a PUB since you despite everything cannot bear to purchase a vehicle of your own.well, regardless of whether you have your own vehicle, you cannot drive it today since your plate number finishes with a number that isn't permitted to go for that specific day. Have you missed a significant occasion since you need to remain after some time to complete a paper that is expected on a similar day as that unique day of one of your children? Then again, on the off chance that you are the non-conventional worker, have you at any point thought of carrying out a responsibility where you wont be pushed around and advised where and when to be at a particular time? Or on the other hand has it entered your thoughts if there are different open doors where you could do the things you like most, at whatever point and any place you areeven in your night robe? These are only a portion of the inquiries that this book will reply. Functional tips on where and how you may begin functioning at home, where you can deal with your time and your assets and simultaneously appreciate what you do. Perusers will figure out how to win utilizing his PC and his extra an ideal opportunity to create month to month pay. Content Outline: Affirmation Presentation Section I Turn your PC into a lucrative machine Part II Consider Your Work Attitude (What sort of individual right? Is it accurate to say that you are author? On the off chance that an author, okay rather be a fiction or a genuine essayist? Or then again would you say you are adept to maintaining monotonous sources of income? Okay consider organizing? Or on the other hand would you rather give your hands a shot various online organizations? Shouldn't something be said about contributing? Does this intrigue to you?) Section III Transform your considerations into words: A Practical Guide To Article Writing; Some online destinations that offer compensation per-visit; Online-Article Submission Companies Part IV Blog for Profit (Practical Tips for Starters, Pay-Per-Blog destinations) Part V Research Writing: Earn While You realize (What is research composing?; What are the advantages of examination composing?; Practical guide for research scholars; Online organizations offering vocations on research composing) Section VI Teach Online (Is there any subject you feel great imparting to other people? Confer information, meet individuals and gain simultaneously. Remembers tips for web based instructing) Part VI I Receive Pay-Per-Post (Earn as you mingle and talk about anything under the sun; Guide when doing pay-per post; test pay-per-post locales) Section VIII Low Yield (LYOI) versus High return Online Investment (HYOI) (What these are? What are the advantages and disadvantages? Rundown of online organizations offering LYOI and HYOI) Part VIX General Guidelines in searching for the most productive and most appropriate work at home chances End Book Description: Work At Home and Be Your Own Boss tends to one of the most widely recognized concerns however least given thought by many individuals (those working, those unemployed because of state of being, housewives or fathers, school drop outs, retirees), that is the work elective that gives one the joy of working at home. This is planned to be written in a 80-100 pages end table sort book. Market Description: To be composed to assist an assortment of workers and non-utilized. Indeed, even the individuals who are still in school who should gain additional will likewise discover this book engaging as well as productive too. Schools that may discover this book noteworthy and incorporate this to its present prospectus incorporates however not restricted to the accompanying (English Department for the parts on composing and Business Administration for the articles on online business) Creator Description: A work at home mother who invests the vast majority of her energy with her three-year old kid. She is likewise a previous school teacher who instructed Communication subjects. She likewise had related knowledge in radio and furthermore had experience working for government organizations just as for a remote based organization occupied with promoting and dissemination of PC related items. Reference: Laine, Amy, How To Work At Home Without Paying Fees, Retrieved March 10, 2009

Darkness from Within: Analyzing Hawthorne’s Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a chilling investigation of how a man could extend upon others his own murkiness. Through an agreement with the Devil, Goodman Brown gets fixated on the alleged sins of the townspeople. Hawthorne used numerous imageries to delineate how Goodman Brown changed into â€Å"a harsh, a miserable, a hazily thoughtful, a skeptical, if not a urgent man did he become† (91). To utilize a word engaging of numerous individuals today, Goodman Brown turned into a skeptic. So when he kicked the bucket, the townspeople â€Å"carved no confident section upon his gravestone, for his withering hour was gloom† (92). Toward the beginning of the story, Goodman Brown was a guileless youngster who has recently been hitched. He has a fantasy where he sees all the best individuals in the town, including his better half. Apparently, in his involvement in sex in his recently hitched express, the sexuality †the human quality †of everybody, including his better half, his folks, his pastor, and his educators, occurs to him in a horrendous route in that he has consistently been instructed by his Puritan instructors that the substance is wicked. Be that as it may, Goodman Brown had seen both the best and the most noticeably terrible in human instinct. In this procedure, Goodman loses his â€Å"faith† and his adoration and decides to accept the most exceedingly terrible. The story didn't tell everything as simple since perusers are charged to expect that Goodman Brown’s previous honesty had been gotten from obliviousness, as information comes to him with so much force that he can't pardon himself for the numbness that he had. What's more, he accuses every other person since none of them revealed to him these things previously. To put it plainly, he needs to have had divine information, and he along these lines difficulties the method of things in each regard. Just by being human, individuals he sees through his cold eyes change into witches. The individuals who have this cold perspective on others have as of now, amusingly, participated in the devil’s absolution. Like Brown, they everlastingly after will be â€Å"more aware of the mystery blame of others, both in deed and thought, than they could now be of their own† (91). Perusing â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a decent inspiration for analyzing perspective †the manner in which we see others. The outcome is an inversion of jobs among great and abhorrence, which resembles the inversion that happened after the insanity of 1692 whereby the â€Å"witches† were seen as saints and the informers and condemners were viewed as persecutors. Hawthorne is keen on what people’s perspectives and judgment enlighten us regarding them, so the concentration in the conversation of black magic is fundamentally on the individuals who see black magic in others. The story is wealthy in imageries thst make up what it needs physical portrayals, which adds to its reader’s puzzlement that all the more frequently becomes dread. In the story, we just realize that Faith has a â€Å"pretty head† (83); that Goodman Brown is youthful; that Goody Cloyse is â€Å"a female figure† (85) who snickers; that Martha Carrier is â€Å"a wild hag† (90); that the group in the woodland is â€Å"a grave and dim clad company† (89). The motivation behind why Hawthorne keeps away from points of interest in this story is on the grounds that the illusion and dubiousness increment the nightmarish air of the story. For example, for what reason is Faith’s â€Å"pink ribbons† is referenced multiple times altogether? What is the importance of the presence of the strips in the forested areas? It would appear to be a solid proof that something awful happened to her. Fogle (1964, p. 18) proposed something else: â€Å"If Goodman Brown is dreaming the lace might be taken as an integral part of his fantasy. . . This pink strip shows up in his wife’s hair again as she meets his on his arrival to Salem the following morning†. For me, what’s all the more terrifying in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† isn't the fallen angel, the black magic or even Brown’s single stroll through the woods at sunset, yet it is the complexity between Brown’s honesty and the detestable that he comes to learn is covered up in his own one of a kind network. Works Cited Fogle, Robert Harter. Hawthorne’s Fiction: The Light and Dark (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1964). Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†

Lessons on How to Start a Hard Tech Startup, with Sam Altman

Lessons on How to Start a Hard Tech Startup, with Sam Altman How to know when to jump into a field A photo posted by Michael Cheung (@m_cheung_) on Apr 13, 2016 at 4:07pm PDT If you know anything about startups, you know Y Combinator.  YC has spawned $50 billion worth of startups, including Dropbox and Airbnb, and shows no signs of slowing down.  A common criticism of Silicon Valley startups, however, is that they often go after easy money instead of tackling hard technology problems that have more world-changing potential. Sam Altman (president of Y Combinator) gave a talk today at MIT about why hard tech startups are hard, and why theyre still worth it.  Heres the main lessons I took away from his talk: How to know when to jump into a field 70-80% of the market is chasing the current fad.  This means that if you choose to make a video streaming startup, or a social network startup, youll have an enormous amount of competition both from established companies and other startups. Far better is to think of a new idea that the rest of the world is missing.  Sam says that very few founders do this. Two important factors he stressed when evaluating a field are cost and cycle time.  If the costs in a field have come down recently, or if cycle time has gotten much faster, then it might be a good time to start up in that field (see: genome sequencing). Aim for small wins first Startups survive on momentum.  How do you maintain momentum when youre working on problems with a time scale of many years?  If youre a nuclear reactor startup targeting goals 7 years in the future, what can you deliver in 3 months? The answer is to shorten your cycle time by aiming for small wins early. Instead of the whole nuclear reactor, is there a subsystem that you can deliver in 3 months?  Small wins build on each other and lead to big wins. Momentum attracts good people, and makes people motivated to work harder.  Another benefit of shorter cycle times is that it forces you to build for a real customer; when you have deadlines every few months, its harder to relax too much. Learn from software companies Most of the $10-20 billion dollar companies started in the last few decades have been software companies.  The huge benefit of a software startup is that cost is low, and cycle time is fast. The secret of software companies, Sam says, is that they can aim to get 10% better every week. Short iteration cycles allow them to get feedback from customers and improve their product. Dont be afraid of detours Most founders hate detours, and want to focus on the big picture.  But its often impossible to go from 0 to 100 right off the bat.  For example, take Tesla and its goal of creating a mass market electric vehicle (the Model 3).  Before it got there, it had to start with a high performance, extremely expensive car (the Roadster), then a sporty four-door sedan (the Model S).  These earlier smaller wins are what made the end goal possible.  Another example is SpaceX and its goal of colonizing Mars.  You cant get to Mars without making a lot of smaller wins developing reusable rockets, for example. Why do this at all? The U.S. has seen 200 years of incredible economic growth, and 100 years of territorial expansion.  But today, were in a world of 2% per year economic growth. Sam brought this into the larger context of our current society: people want their life to improve year over year.  But if the pie isnt getting bigger, then for your life to improve you have to take it from someone else.  And this leads to a mess (see: current election year).  Thats why the fundamental motivation of Y Combinator is to reignite technological innovation.  Not just to make money, but to change the world.  And I think thats a goal that MIT can very much identify with.

Essay on The Dark Life and Confessional Poetry of Sylvia...

By the mid twentieth century, the dominance of post-modernist literature began to decline with the emergence of contemporary poets, who brought with them a new type of perspective within their poetry. These poets—especially those who wrote confessional poetry—established their poetry in a single, unified voice that accentuated intimate human topics such as death, sexuality, and family. An important contributor to contemporary and confessional poetry was Sylvia Plath, who employed personal aspects of her life into her style of confessional poetry. Plath suffered from a deep depression that influenced her to often write in a dark, melancholy style. This depression included two suicide attempts of which she wrote before succeeding in suicide†¦show more content†¦This era included several different movements, including imagism, projectivism, beat poetry, and largely, confessional poetry. These different types of poetry, especially confessional poetry, still have a wide influence on American Literature today. If any one group of poets is known to receive the widest amount of praise from academics and critics, it is the group known as confessional poets. Confessional poetry is known to reveal private, intimate experiences with the audience; it is thought of as a way of creating character so as to inform the trauma of the past with understanding and, sometimes, compassion (Hamilton 97). This poetry destroyed the wall between the public and private world, removing with it the taboo label from personal life. It possesses with it a keen interest in the human condition. Though the idea of confessional poetry is not innovative, the way in which contemporary poets employed the idea was. Though confessional poetry is impersonal, that is, objective rather than subjective, many poems were considered the spiritual autobiography of a poet (Malkoff 27). Because their poetry employed very deep, personal ideas, illness and stress were often a part of the live s of confessional poets. Many critics and psychiatrists questioned whether the illness and stress was a price willingly paid for ones art (Malkoff 29) by these poets. These poets included Robert Lowell, Allen Ginsberg, Theodore Roethke, John Berryman, Anne Sexton, and SylviaShow MoreRelatedLife, Poetry, And Death1467 Words   |  6 PagesLife, Poetry, and Death Death, madness, and love are the main points of impulse in Sylvia Plath’s life, a habit that can be described as part of the unconscious. According to psychological studies, the effects of trauma and experience on an author can manifest itself in their writing (Caruth). For instance, we learned that the suffering of Sylvia Plath her whole life due to depression, the attempted of suicide, and the death of her father. Those traumatic experiences influenced the writing and interpretationRead MoreSylvia Plaths Lady Lazarus1289 Words   |  6 PagesSylvia Plath, author of â€Å"Lady Lazarus†, is â€Å"widely considered one of the most emotionally evocative and compelling American poets of the postwar period† (â€Å"Plath, Sylvia: Introduction†). Plath was born in Boston, Massachusetts and her father died when she was eight. Plath attended Smith College and due to overwhelming conditions, she lapsed into a severe depression and overdosed on sleeping pills. Afte r receiving psychiatric care, Plath enrolled in Newnham College where she met and married EnglishRead MoreSylvia Plath is an American Writer who Writes Confessional Poems about her Life1117 Words   |  4 PagesSylvia Plath is an American writer, commonly known for her poetry works. Her poetry can be categorized as â€Å"confessional poetry†, which are poems about the poet’s personal life. Her two most famous published collections of poems are The Colossus and Other Poemsand Ariel, but it was not until after Plath’s death that The Bell Jarwas published. The Bell Jar is considered a more personal and semi-autobiographical novel. Throughout Sylvia Plath’s lifetime, she suffered mentally since she was a littleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Starrry Night Painting By Vincent Van Gogh1373 Words   |  6 Pagesuse them because, in the compilation, they provide a link from the art to the psychological, mental health, and symbolic aspects of Van Gogh’s works. Locating references to support Sylvia Plath’s poem were a bit more challenging, however, I was able to identify four for this evaluation. The first Plath reference, Sylvia Plaths Narrative Strategies is from the Iowa Review published in 1982 by Margaret Dickie. This article delves into Plaths tendency put the reader into the intense emotions of theRead MoreThe Poetry Of Sylvia Plath1811 Words   |  8 PagesSylvia Plath is often described as a feminist poet who wrote about the difficulties women faced before womens right were a mainstream idea. From reading her poetry, it is quite obvious that Plaths feminism is extremely important to her, but she also wrote about a lot of day to day experiences and made them significant through her use of literary devices such as metaphors and symbols. Plath may also be best known for her autobiographical poetry written in a confessional style that appeared duringRead MoreThe Highs And Lows Of Manic Depressive Writing1507 Words   |  7 Pa gesSylvia Plath: The Highs and Lows of Manic Depressive Writing Sylvia Plath, a successful confessional style poet, struggled throughout her life with issues revolving around her father’s death, unsuccessful and unfulfilling relationships with men, and her mental illnesses. Throughout her struggles, Plath wrote, sometimes writing as much as 10 drafts a day. Despite welcoming into the world two children, whom she loved dearly, Plath still felt unfulfilled by her duties as a housewife. As she wroteRead MoreSylvia Plath was American short-story writer, poet and novelist that was born on October 27, 1932900 Words   |  4 PagesSylvia Plath was American short-story writer, poet and novelist that was born on October 27, 1932 in Boston, Massachusetts and died on February 11, 1963. Sylvia Plath is best known for, her books of poems, â€Å"The Colossus and Other Poems Collection† and the â€Å"Ariel Collection† of Poems.Plath’s poetry was known for its rhyme, alliteration and disturbing and violent imagery. Plath’s p oetry is considered part of the Confessional movement, which became very popular in the United States during the 1950sRead MoreOne Art By Sylvia Plath Critical Analysis1446 Words   |  6 PagesLazarus† by Sylvia Plath, the poets write to conceptualize and understand their losses, ultimately applying radically opposing solutions to the same emotional struggle. Elizabeth Bishop was a high-caliber poet known for her excellent use of form and technical genius. Suffering tragedy at a young age when â€Å"her father died, and shortly thereafter, her mother was committed to a mental asylum,† it is somewhat surprising that the majority of Bishop’s poetry is detached from her personal life, instead focusingRead MoreSylvia Plath s Poetry And Her Sanity1075 Words   |  5 PagesSylvia Plath was an American Poet who was renowned for poetry mostly in the United States. She, however lived a difficult and depressing life which led to a few futile suicide attempts, but ultimately led to a successful suicide attempt leaving her children to live on without a mother. This end result was due to a multitude of issues in her life from Sylvia’s sanity. She wasn’t the most stable child. Her marriage also played a role in her suicide. Her successes weren’t acclaimed until after her deathRead MoreThe Colossus and Daddy by Sylvi a Plath802 Words   |  3 Pages Sylvia Plath is one of the greatest poets of all time- the queen of confessional poetry. Her writing is thick with figurative language that cannot be interpreted only one way. Sylvia Plath herself was complicated, and she struggled with her own personal hardships up until the day she took her own life. Plath’s father passed when she was only eight, and she struggled with his absence not only though the rest of her childhood but also into adult hood. Many critics believe her famous poems, such

Psy 360 Language Essay - 1417 Words

Language Essay Ryan Butler Psychology 360 August 29, 2011 Professor Newlin LANGUAGE Have you ever wondered how we speak? How about why our communication is considered a language and other animal’s communication is not considered language? A wide range of beliefs exist on what defines language. Thus, by exploring the definition of language and lexicon, evaluating language’s key features, the four levels of language structure and processing, and the role of language in Cognitive Psychology, an understanding of what language is becomes clear. Let us begin by defining language and a term named lexicon. LANGUAGE AND LEXICON DEFINITION One big question, when the subject of language comes up, is exactly what language is. What†¦show more content†¦of a word. Also, the Yerkes (2011) text defines Lexicology as a study focusing on the meaning of words. Thus, we see a lexicon as an area in the human brain which stores the meaning, and all aspects, associated with a word. However, to reach the point where a lexicon may be used language must be acquired. To acquire such a skill, one must master the four levels associated with language. FOUR LEVELS OF LANGUAGE To constitute what a language is, four levels of language structure have been established. Specifically, these levels of analysis include phenomes, words, sentences and texts. According to the Willingham (2007) text, phenomes are a small unit of sound which make up a word. A potential problem is if these words are mispronounced. For example, slang changes from one area to another. When a person is thrown a new word, it throws them off on the rest of the topic. If I say Im fixin to go downtown, some may only know fixin as literally fixing something and not preparing or getting ready as fixin means in this context. This non familiar use of a word may be confusing to oneself, but to the person saying the word, â€Å"fixin† is a lexicon built into a vocabulary. Accents of foreigners may be another potential barrier. By mishearing these phenomes and not understanding language due to this deficit, obtaining meaningful language is difficult. Words themselves, and specifical ly the separation of words, may be another potential barrier to languageShow MoreRelatedFate and Destiny7886 Words   |  32 Pagesmeans â€Å"to ordain, to devote, to consecrate† and is connected to the word destination, suggesting that destiny \\server05\productn\T\THE\26-1-2\THE1203.txt unknown Seq: 2 26-FEB-07 9:49 206 Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psy. Vol. 26, 2006 includes both a direction and a plan (p. 89). Bollas states that â€Å"[D]estiny is linked to actions rather than words. If fate emerges from the word of the gods, than destiny is a preordained path that man can fulfill† (p. 32). In EnglishRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagestraining becomes crucial to acquaint new employees with their jobs and the McDonald’s philosophy of customer service and quality. McDonald’s has taken its Hamburger University curriculum from the United States and translated it into 22 different languages to use in training centers throughout the world. Once training has been done for trainers and managers, they then conduct training for all employees selected to work at McDonald’s locations in the foreign countries.54 Questions 1. Identify cultural

Captain Beatty in Fahrenheit 451 Essay - 962 Words

Of all literary works regarding dystopian societies, Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is perhaps one of the most bluntly shocking, insightful, and relatable of them. Set in a United States of the future, this novel contains a government that has banned books and a society that constantly watches television. However, Guy Montag, a fireman (one who burns books as opposed to actually putting out fires) discovers books and a spark of desire for knowledge is ignited within him. Unfortunately his boss, the belligerent Captain Beatty, catches on to his newfound thirst for literature. A man of great duplicity, Beatty sets up Montag to ultimately have his home destroyed and to be expulsed from the city. On the other hand, Beatty is a much rounder†¦show more content†¦He simply attempts to accelerate the task and stolidly states â€Å"We’re due back at the house. Besides, these fanatics always try suicide; the pattern’s familiar† (39). Beatty’s c ruelty is soon accompanied by suspicion towards Montag, and he eventually ends up overturning Montag’s life. Although Beatty’s cruel, insidious personality makes him the quintessence of a villain, his hypocritical words and actions make him much more perplexing. Throughout the novel, Beatty proves to be a well-read person, although he adamantly opposes books. For example, when the old woman stays inside of her burning house just to be with her books, she shouts out â€Å"Play the man, Master Ridley!† (40), originally said by a man condemned to being burned at the stake for heresy in 1555. Beatty understood this quote to the extent that he knew who originally said it and even the date it was said, although he simply explained â€Å"I’m full of bits and pieces . . . most firemen have to be† (40). Later in the novel, Beatty uses his knowledge of literature to confuse Montag in attempts to dissuade him from books. Beatty perverts the original tex ts and quotes several literary works and authors to confuse Montag and at one point arrogantly states that he is â€Å"using the very books you clung to, to rebut you on every hand, on every point! You think they’re backing you up, andShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Captain Beatty (Fahrenheit 451)1404 Words   |  6 PagesBeatty, the Nearly Enlightened As fire captain, it is Captain Beatty’s job to promote and direct the eradication of knowledge and free thought within his district through the burning of books in Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451. Though one may expect his job to be one occupied by a brutish, obtuse man with a powerful inferiority complex, this is not so: Beatty is obviously intelligent, well-versed in literature, but also completely devoted to the act of book-burning and the structure thatRead MoreFahrenheit 4511365 Words   |  6 PagesBradbury s novel, Fahrenheit 451, was written at the onset of the fifties as a call to the American people to reflect on how the dominant social values of their times were effecting both the lives of individual Americans and their government. Fahrenheit 451 attacks utopian government and focuses on society s foolishness of always being politically correct. (Mogen 113). According to Mogen, Fahrenheit 451 depicts a world in which the American Dream has turned int o a nightmare because it has beenRead MoreFahrenheit 451 symbolism paper1535 Words   |  7 Pages American Literature 11 11 November 2013 Symbolism in Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury, the author of the well-known science fiction novel Fahrenheit 451, was alarmed by how much time he felt the public devoted to watching television in the 1950’s. â€Å"If this [trend of television watching] goes on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he wrote, â€Å"nobody will read books anymore† (XIII). This thought of a television-obsessed future public frightened Bradbury. He was particularly fearful of how technology might prevent people from formingRead MoreDystopia Depicted in Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesIn Fahrenheit 451, the reader gets a very vivid description of the deplorable dystopian society by reading only the first few pages. Fahrenheit 451 was written by Ray Bradbury in 1953. A dystopia is an imaginary place where everything is as miserable and horrific as it could possibly be for the citizens. Guy Montag is the central character and a fireman, under the command of his superior fireman, Captain Beatty. Montag walks home with seventeen year old Clarisse, who asks him manyRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Vs. 1984970 Words   |  4 PagesFahrenheit 451 vs. 1984 Ray Bradbury and George Orwell share a very similar theme in their two novels, Fahrenheit 451 and 1984. Winston Smith and Guy Montag work within an authoritarian organization, in which, they have opposing views of the authority. The novels are placed in a dystopian setting that the authority believes is a utopia. The dystopian fictions both have very similar predictions of the future. The predictions from these novels have not happened. However, it could be a short matterRead MoreTheme Of Fire In Fahrenheit 4511246 Words   |  5 PagesThe world of Fahrenheit 451 is not a place that one may want to live. It is a dystopian world. With authoritative control and absolutely no individual freedom, the author Ray Bradbury really set out to emphasize not only the need for literature/knowledge but also the power technology holds in his envisioned future. The novel being titled Fahrenheit 451 one might have thoughts of heat or burning or fire. Whether fire is being used as a weapon of destruction or a way to cleanse the impurity in theRead MoreComparison of Mustapha Mond from Brave New World and Captain Beatly from Fahrenheit 451772 Words   |  4 Pages(Arnold Schwarzenegger). I am Comparing and Contrasting 2 different Characters from 2 different books, Mustapha Mond from Brave New World and Captain Beatty from Fahrenheit 451. These 2 books are very similar and different in many ways. They both are similar because of the power or strength they have over people and the way they brain wash them. Captain Beatty somehow persuades people to believe that books are contain unpleasant and contradicting facts and opinions that should be destroyed. But thereRead MoreTheme Of Heroes In Fahrenheit 451701 Words   |  3 Pages Heroes of Fahrenheit 451 A heroes’s actions reflect his character. Montag, Beatty, and, Granger are characters in the novel by Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451. These characters possess motives, commit actions, and have qualities that would classify them as heroes. Only Granger and Montag are heroes while Beatty is the definite antithesis of the two. Montag believes that books shouldn’t be feared and be embraced, Granger leads a society of individualsRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By William Bradbury Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe book Fahrenheit 451 is set in a dystopian, authoritarian world. The main character, Guy Montag, joins a movement for books when he begins to go against his society’s and government’s regulations. It is a book about censorship, individualism, and mass media. Censorship takes away the intentions left by the creator. It becomes bland, and unoriginal. Words set the mood of the story and character’s behavior within a work. It is important for explicit material to remain raw and natural. It is meantRead MoreBiblical And Literary Allusions Of Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1735 Words   |  7 Pagesto think individual thoughts, and with this loss comes the all-too-real possibility that dangerous ideas may not be dismissed. If there are no other voices to make an oppressive idea back down, reality could become a dystopia similar to that in Fahrenheit 451. The idea of a dystopia plays a role in the novel through both the story itself and the presence of a Grand Inquisitor figure, but also is presented to pose the question of why a dystopia could occur at all. Before pondering the cause for too

Printed Circuit Board free essay sample

PCBs/Overview – Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) †¢ Introduction †¢ Conductors. Supply Planes. Dielectric. †¢ Vias †¢ PCB Manufacturing Process †¢ Electronic Assembly Manufacturing Process 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 263 PCBs/Overview – For electronic assemblies PCBs are substrates providing mechanical support as well as electrical interconnect – PCB: Rigid or flexible substrate with single or multiple layers of conductors separated by insulating layers Note: PCBs are sometimes also referred to as PWBs (Printed Wiring Boards) 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 264 PCBs/General PCB Origin: United States – Therefore: Non-SI units (oz, mil, in) have been universally adopted for specifying PCBs: †¢ Board dimensions in inches (1in = 25. 4mm) †¢ Dielectric thicknesses and conductor widths/spacing in mil (1mil = 0. 001in = 25. 4 µm) †¢ Conductor (commonly copper) thicknesses in ounces (oz) The weight of conductor metal in a square foot of mat erial. Typical copper thicknesses are: 0. 5oz (17. 5 µm), 1oz (35 µm), 2oz (70 µm), 3oz (105 µm)  µ  µ  µ  µ 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 265 PCBs/General – PCB General Dimensional Specifications: †¢ Finished thicknesses – Standard: 31mil, 39mil and 62mil (0. 8mm, 1. 0mm and 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Printed Circuit Board or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page mm) – Non-standard:  » Readily available for high-volume orders  » Board thicknesses: 10mil-125mil (many PCB manufacturers stop at 20mil depending on plating finish) †¢ Maximum dimensions typically 16in x 20in †¢ Irregular shapes/slots etc readily available (routing) 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 266 Prepreg Core PCBs/Stackup Shown: Cross-section of a typical 8layer PCB Stackup Prepreg Core Prepreg Core – Typical PCB Stackup: Prepreg †¢ Alternating layers of core and prepreg †¢ Core: Thin piece of dielectric with copper foil bonded to both sides. Core dielectric is cured fiberglass-epoxy resin †¢ Prepreg: Uncured fiberglass-epoxy resin. Prepreg will cure (i. e. harden) when heated and pressed †¢ Outermost layers are prepreg with copper foil bonded to the outside (surface foils) †¢ To avoid crosstalk: Wires on adjacent signal layers are routed mostly orthogonally †¢ Stackup is symmetric about the center of the board in the vertical axis to avoid mechanical stress in the board under thermal cycling 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 267 PCBs/Conductors – Conductor: †¢ Material: Typically Cu †¢ Number of layers: – Single or multilayer (up to 20 layers, and more) – Dedicated supply layers (also called â€Å"ground layers†, â€Å"ground planes†) – Most popular: 4-8 signal layers plus 4-8 ground layers Material dimensions: – Thicknesses: 0. 5oz-3oz typically. 0. 5oz/1oz standard for inner layers. – Trend: towards 0. 25oz (particularly for laminated IC packages) – Width and spacing: ? 5mil 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 268 Prepreg Core PCBs/Stackup Shown: Cross-section of a typical 8layer PCB Stackup Prepreg Core Prepreg Core Prepreg – Power Planes: †¢ Power planes are typically built on thinnest core available from a fabrication vendor to maximize the capacitance between the planes †¢ Power planes often use thicker copper layers than signal layers to reduce resistance Why power planes? †¢ Provide stable reference voltages for signals †¢ Distribute power to all devices †¢ Control cross-talk between signals 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 269 PCBs/Conductors – PCB sheet resistances †¢ Cu resistivity ? =1. 7*10-8? m †¢ Remember: Sheet resistance†¦ PCB Sheet Resistances at T=300K (TC Copper: +3930ppm) Conductor PCB Copper Track (0. 5oz Cu) PCB Copper Track (1oz Cu) PCB Copper Track (2oz Cu) PCB Copper Track (3oz Cu) Rs in  µ? 971 486 h W L L = R= = Rs h ? W W A Compare to Semiconductor Rs figures: Sheet Resistances Material Metal (Aluminium) (top layer) Metal (Aluminium) (lower layers) Polysilicon (silicided) Diffusion (n+, p+, silicided) Polysilicon (doped) Diffusion (n+, p+) Rs ? 0. 05 0. 1 6 10 30 100 5k several k several Meg in ? ? L L 243 162 n-well Nichrome Mixed signal IC resistor material. Stable and lasertrimmable Polysilicon (undoped) 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 270 PCBs/Insulators – Dielectric Materials: †¢ Typically Fiberglass Epoxy-resin (FR4) – most common, widely available, relatively low cost – rigid structure – temperature range up to 130 °C †¢ CEM: Extremely low-cost. Punchable holes. Also available: – Polyimide: high temperature, rigid or flexible – Teflon: high temperature †¢ Thicknesses – Standard core thicknesses for ML PCBs: 5, 8, 10, 14, 20, 40 mil – Prepreg thicknesses: 4mil typical – Most PCB materials support a (relatively) controlled dielectric/impedance †¢ Suitable for transmission line s 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 271 PCBs/Vias – Vias †¢ Interconnect layers through vias (plated holes) †¢ Via dimensions: – Standard minimum finished hole sizes: ? 8mil – Aspect ratio restrictions apply Aspect ratio of a via: Ratio of board thickness to via diameter. Allows judgement of manufacturability. The larger the aspect ratio, the more difficult it is to achieve reliable plating. Premium charge for aspect ratios 8. 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 272 PCBs/Vias – Vias †¢ Vias require pads on each layer to which they connect. Because the holes are not guaranteed to be perfectly aligned with the copper traces there will need to be an annulus of copper around the plated hole. This is to ensure that the copper won’t be broken by the drilling operation †¢ Pads on inner vias are larger than outer pads to allow for greater dimensional tolerances †¢ Where a via passes through a plane (i. e. ot connect to the plane) a clearance hole is required †¢ Where a via is supposed to connect to a plane, a thermal relief structure is required (usually four small metal bridges between via and plane). Thermal relief is required to facilitate soldering operations. 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 273 PCBs/Vias – Vias †¢ Vias are much larger than signal wires †¢ Vias oc cupy all layers (with the exception of blind and buried vias) †¢ Consequence: Vias reduce wiring density and are therefore expensive! 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 274 PCBs/Special Vias – Vias †¢ Special vias available for high-volume PCBs: Blind vias (connection of outer layer to inner layer) – Buried vias (connection of inner layers preferably on same core! ) †¢ Advantages – Increased wiring density (vias don’t occupy all layers) – Product safety (creepage and clearance distances for electrical insulation) †¢ Penalties: – Restricted choice of suppliers – More complex process:  » Cost  » Reliability Blind Via Via Buried Via 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 275 PCBs/Manufacturing Process – Manufacturing process steps (for a typical rigid multilayer PCB representing about 70% of all PCBs manufactured) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ PCB data acquisition Preparation of PCB laminate (core) Inner layer image transfer Laminate layers Drilling and cleaning holes Make holes conductive Outer layer image transfer Surface finish Final fabrication EE6471 (KR) 276 29/09/2005 PCBs/Manufacturing Process/Step 1 – Step 1: PCB data acquisition †¢ Files transferred from PCB design house to PCB manufacturing facility: – Gerber files, drill files, fabrication drawings †¢ File review by PCB manufacturer †¢ Creation of PCB tooling – Photo-tool for image transfer Image created by PCB software is reproduced on film using laser photoplotters Drill files – Profile routing files CNC route file – All tooling is stepped and repeated for optimum utilisation of standard panels (24in x 18in) 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 277 PCBs/Manufacturing Process/Step 2 – Step 2: Preparation of PCB laminate (core) †¢ Dielectric material: Woven glass fiber or paper Material depends on the function of the PCB. Some materials perform better in some environments than others (heat, humidity). Some materials are more suitable for particular manufacturing processes (e. g. hole punching). Others again are chosen for electric properties (permittivity). Most widely used: FR4 / CEM Coat/impregnate dielectric material with resin harden †¢ Copper foil is rolled or electrolytically deposited on the base laminate †¢ Core material is sheared to panel size †¢ Core material is cleaned mechanically and/or chemically Removal of surface contamination required to promote subsequent adhesion of photoresist (PR) 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 278 PCBs/Manufacturing Process/Step 3 – Step 3: Inner layer image transfer (photo-lithography) Purpose: Transfer circuit image to core through â€Å"print-and-etch† process †¢ Coat copper foils with photoresist (PR) Negative PR: Light-sensitive organic PR polymerises (â€Å"hardens†) when exposed to light. Polymerised PR will resist etching. †¢ Place phototool and expose to light After expose, PR layer is developed. Polymerised areas remain, unexposed areas are washed away. †¢ Etching Selectively remove exposed copper areas. Etching is performed with conveyorised equipment (etchant flood rinse, several water rinses). Common etchants: Acidic cupric chloride and alkaline ammoniacal. 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 279 PCBs/Manufacturing Process/Step 4 – Step 4: Lamination †¢ Cores are pinned in a stack with sheets of prepreg (b-stage) separating the copper layers. Outer layers are made with a foil of copper †¢ Horizontal alignment critical! Stack is pinned between two heavy metal plates creating a â€Å"book†. †¢ Book is put in a heated hydraulic press for about 2h. Prepreg is available in different styles with varying amounts of resin and glass fibers. This allows the manufacturer to control thickness between layers and thickness of the overall PCB. 29/09/2 005 EE6471 (KR) Outer Cu foil Prepreg Core Prepreg Core Prepreg Core Prepreg Outer Cu foil Temperature (175 °C) Pressure (3000kg) Time (2h) 280 PCBs/Manufacturing Process/Step 5 – Step 5: Drilling and cleaning Purpose: Holes are drilled through PCB to interconnect layers (vias), and to allow the insertion of PTH components Drilling performed with CNC equipment Using drill files. Alternative methods to drilling exist (punching, laser). †¢ Multiple panels can be drilled together Drilling of complex boards can take several hours per load †¢ Desmear Desmear removes the melted resin smear †¢ Etchback Etch glassfibers. Goal: Copper on the inner layers protrude out into the barrel of the hole †¢ Panels are deburred/scrubbed after drilling 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 281 PCBs/Manufacturing Process/Step 6 – Step 6: Make holes conductive PCB substrate is not conductive. Therefore a non-electrolytic deposition method is required. In a later process step, electroplating to the required thickness can be performed †¢ Process: Electroless copper Electroless copper is reliable but alternative methods exist. Electroless copper has some significant disadvantages (like exposure to formaldehyde, which is carcinogen). †¢ Electroless copper bath Deposits 75-125 µIn of copper †¢ Constituents of electroless copper: Sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde, EDTA and copper salt. Complex reaction catalysed by palladium, formaldehyde reduces the copper ion to metallic copper. 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 282 PCBs/Manufacturing Process/Step 7 – Step 7: Outer layer image transfer Most common process: Print, pattern plate, and etch †¢ Coat copper foils with photoresist (PR) †¢ Place phototool and expose to light Outer layer phototools are positive images of the circuit. Circuit image is developed away exposing the copper. PR remaining on the panel will act as plating resist †¢ Pattern plating (copper electroplating) Outer layers will be plated to a thickness of 1. 5mil (to ensure a minimum thickness of 1mil in the holes). Copper electroplating takes place in a copper sulfate bath. Plating is performed at roughly 30A/ft2. Plating duration is roughly 1h. †¢ Plate metallic etch resist †¢ Etching 9/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 283 PCBs/Manufacturing Process/Step 8 – Step 8: Surface finish Purpose: Prevent copper oxidation. Facilitate solderability. †¢ Most popular surface finish process: SMOBC/HASL: SMOBC: Solder-mask-over-bare-copper. HASL: hot-air-solder-leveling †¢ Solder mask pre-clean (mechanical scrub) †¢ Application of solder mask Purpose of solder mask: Insulate those portions where no solder is required. Most popular mask type: LPI (liquid photoimageable). †¢ Application of flux Provides oxidation protection. Affects heat transfer during solder immersion. †¢ HASL Panels are dipped into molten solder (237 °C). Panels are then rapidly carried past jets of hot air. Exposed copper is coated with solder. Masked areas remain solderfree. Panels are then cleaned in hot water. 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 284 PCBs/Manufacturing Process/Step 9 – Step 9: Final fabrication Mechanical features are added to the board (mounting holes, cutouts, etc) †¢ Routing done through CNC machines †¢ De-panelisation – Partial de-panelisation. Most of the circuit is routed out of the panel, but tabs remain to hold the circuit in place. This allows the assembly machine to populate multiple boards at once. Afterwards, the circuit can be snapped or broken out of the panel. Such panels are called â€Å"breakaways†, â€Å"snaps†, or â€Å"arrays†. – The alternative to partial de-panelisation is to have the panel V-scored. Vscoring is done through a thin rotating scoring blade that will route across the top and the bottom of the panel with about 30% of the thickness of the panel. Vscoring allows more circuits per panel (no spacing is required for routing bits). 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 285 PCBs/Panels – PCB Boards are fabricated in panels to minimise cost of PCB manufacturer and assembly manufacturer – Typical panel dimensions are 18*24in (460x610mm) – Overall board dimensions are kept much smaller than a full panel 9/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 286 PCBs/Typical Assembly Process – Panel of an electronic unit (left) – Electronic assembly after manufacturing process – Typical manufacturing process: †¢ Silk-screen solder paste onto the panel †¢ Pick-and-place (PP) components (PP machine or manually) †¢ Heavier components and components on bottom side of the board need to be glued down (epoxy-based glue) †¢ Soldering in IR reflow oven (providing the required reflow temperature profile of gradually increasing, sustaining, and removing heat) †¢ Visual inspection (manual or vision systems) †¢ Electrical testing (ATE) 9/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 287 PCBs/Layout/Do’s and Don’ts – Do’s: †¢ Use (continuous) supply layers whenever possible. Keep connections to supply layers short †¢ Use SMT components wherever possible †¢ Use filter components where required and possible †¢ Place blocking capacitors as close as possible to supply pins of transient loads. Use star-point connections at blocking caps. Signal and Vcc Layer Ground Layer C C 74HCTxxx 29/09/2005 C EE6471 (KR) 74HCTxxx 288 PCBs/Layout/Do’s and Don’ts – Do not’s: †¢ Do not create ground loops! Mutual inductances couple ground loops to other currents loops. Ground loops typically have very small impedances. Currents coupled into ground loops can be very large. They cause problems like ground bounce, signal distortion, etc. Signal and Vcc Layer Ground Layer C C 74HCTxxx 29/09/2005 C EE6471 (KR) 74HCTxxx 289 PCBs/Layout/Do’s and Don’ts – Do not’s: †¢ Avoid discontinuities in grounds layers! High frequency return currents in ground layers follow the path with the least inductance. This path is usually directly underneath the signal trace. If there are discontinuities in the ground layer high frequency currents cannot flow underneath the signal trace. Large loop areas are created, and cause a variety of problems (ground bounce, cross-talk) Signal and Vcc Layer Ground Layer C C 74HCTxxx C PTH connector causing a slot in the ground layer 29/09/2005 EE6471 (KR) 74HCTxxx 290

The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism

Introduction With the ever increasing cost of living, everyone would be thrilled with the idea of buying quality and readily available goods for less. Similarly, as the wave of neoliberalism sweeps across the globe, profits are amplified and economies stabilized. That is the ultimate embodiment of neoliberalism; passing the market test.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Challenges have been encountered but paramount attention has only been on immediate effects of structural changes and of other policies especially in the developing countries. The socio cultural implication of neoliberalism, more so ethical implications on a majority of seemingly invisible workforce, has since been ignored. This paper seeks to provide an in depth scrutiny of global reestablishment by drawing attention on what it means for the workers. It seeks to analyze the current global labor policies and their impacts on the labor market with special attention to its effects on the working conditions of the cleaners. Neoliberalism Neoliberalism is a term used to describe an attempt by governments to restructure and stabilize their economies through decentralization, increasingly involving the private sector in the economic and political affairs and regularizing the market. This approach was adopted by a number of nations in their quest for economical policies that would reduce inflation and foster economic growth. It involves a combination of economic policies which institutionalize sectors through reforming or changing whole political and economic setups. Its ultimate goals involve handing over the control of the economy to the private industry with the hope that it will improve governance and boost the economy.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ideally, neoliberalism is expected to harness and transform into operations the strategies that employ the language of the market, the competence, consumer preference, self independence and conventional thinking to move the risk from states and institutions to individuals or groups and spread out the concept to the social spheres. However, these attempts have on the other hand culminated into a platform where markets are no longer regulated; workers are being exploited by their employers, environmental degeneration and impunity at almost all levels of governance. The invisible worker While it has managed to spearhead economic growth across nations, neoliberalism has degraded the working and living conditions of the workers and promoted deception on the part of employers in this industry. The shifting of risk from the government corporations to the private sector has created a situation where individuals and groups which have monopolized the cleaning industry have tur ned deceptive. They are keen to look into their own interests and take care of their business empires at the expense of employees. In the contracts that bind their employees to them, their conditions are provisional and the workers are engaged on equally provisional basis and not considered as real employees. This leaves them in a vulnerable situation since they are stripped off employee rights such as insurance, paid holidays among others. This was a common phenomenon in London during the 1970s. A similar situation was observed recently in Santiago where a bathroom attendant not only single handedly takes charge of the washroom but he is also expected to take care of collecting the charging fee and provide the bathroom toiletries (Aguiar and Andrew, 89). This is the situation especially in the cleaning industry all over the world. Cleaners maintain upscale shopping places, modern offices and hotels yet this group of workers has never been paid much attention. More often than not th ey are looked down upon.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Majority of the cleaners are not valued and are often subjected to mistreatment. Owing to their low wages and status, they happen to live in the most adverse conditions in the worst shanties in big cities. The cleaner is actually in a modern world, yet has an outsider relation with. Lack of government policies that describe fair employment and working conditions such as the required working hours, standard wages and working conditions only serves to expose workers to further vulnerability, worsening their deplorable conditions. The bonding of the worker’s legal rights with the employers undermines their rights and gives absolute control of the worker to the employer creating an unbalanced power relationship. Wal-Mart for instance succeeds by capitalizing on the low wage low benefit premise of employment. Their employment policies are wanting. The success of the company is at the expense of workers who endure the lowest wages, substandard working conditions, lacking healthcare, security among other disturbing issues. Workers at Wal-Mart have unspecified working hours and their wages are comparatively lower than those of a normal retail employee. Many workers are compelled to work long hours, denied breaks and in many cases are denied overtime wages. It is not a new phenomenon for Wal-Mart to give lower wages when sales go down. Discrimination still remains an issue despite most governments’ attempts at reforming the cleaning industry. Contracting out in apartheid South Africa and its subsequent neoliberal post apartheid institutions has led to increased workload and diminished pay and benefits to a large number of workers in the cleaning sector. Just like it was in the apartheid labor system, neoliberalism has redirected the burden to the homes a nd communities of the poor workers through policies such as â€Å"rational† effecting of change in public institutions. There still exists segregation in places such as universities and other institutions of higher learning.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Attempts have been made by the â€Å"invisible† workers to restore and defend their pride as workers. This is all done with the understanding that theirs is an equally important work which the top echelons of management cannot do by themselves. The Women’s Liberation Movement of the 1970s in Britain was such an attempt to organize night janitors. The subsequent strikes brought to light the plight of this disregarded type of workers. However, the prevailing economic and political situation and the effects of privatization made unionization difficult as they increased discrepancies in the society. Wal-Mart company Private corporations’ policies have not only wiped out small businesses but also disregarded the employees’ rights and caused serious harm to the environment. By exploiting technology and the rising global economy (a product of neoliberalism), corporations like Wal-Mart have completely altered the American economy and greatly influenced the global economic balance. The seller has become more powerful than the producer. Consequently, retailers are coercing the manufacturers to shift production overseas. This quest has led to the joint undertakings between Wal-Mart, a prominent US retailer of most consumer goods and China. While the company rummages the world for less costly suppliers that benefit the American buyer, just how do the workers in the supplying nations fare? Wal-Mart is the epitome of neoliberals ideal; the best thing to have ever happened to the American and world economy as it happens to not only produce what the consumer needs but also deliver a variety of goods at very affordable prices. However, what are the implications of low priced products to the people who work for these companies? It is not only increasing the number of jobless people in the streets but is also responsible for the ever increasing low standards of living not just for the American people but also for those working in the diaspora. While t hese products are achievable for the American consumer, the â€Å"everyday low prices† is an issue of concern not just for the consumer but more so for the worker. The enterprising spirit that is responsible for these lower prices in Wal-Mart outlets and similar places happen to impinge on the ability of large numbers of workers to reap satisfactory wages and respectable benefits that would enable them lead a steady life. The flippant attitude from the governments towards this group of workers exposes them to maltreatment and exploitation. In an attempt to boost economic growth and development, companies are putting up measures to modernize and civilize this workforce by employing austere rules which end up restricting their freedom of movement and dictating their codes of conduct while at the work place. For instance Wal-Mart’s store policy of locking in nighttime workers not only inconveniences the employees but also possesses a great security hazard in times of emer gencies. Recompense for workers Organizing workers of this group has proved to be quite a challenge. Among the major challenges is the fact that they are among the lowest paid. This means that most cannot manage to meet some of the demands of the unions like union dues. More often than not, their working places are small and scattered geographically. This proves an obstacle in mobilizing workers. At the same time, they are among the most watched of all employees. These are among the challenges that prompted the cleaners’ strikes in the 1970s in London and the Justice for Janitors Movement in the USA in the 1990s (Aguiar and Andrew 214). Unionization of these workers is low in many countries. This calls for establishment of new forms of workers organization. These should take the bottom up approach; from the grassroots levels to the highest echelons and high mobilization and participation of workers. A perfect example of such an approach is The Justice for Janitors crusade whi ch has been quite successful. It is a more decentralized perspective to workers unionization owing to its awareness of the local labor market situation. It bases its membership on locality and not the work place. It is the kind of approach through which unnoticed workers can come together to confront a mutual enemy: larger companies. Local unions are strengthened through the skillful organizational attempts by trained organizers from the national union. Other models like the Service Employees’ International Union advocate for de- concentration of power to a variety of national union apparatus. Though there are geographical issues at play in the movement, it becomes necessary to come up with ploys that would harmonize the movements and strategies that are not only sensitive to the local needs but also able to challenge these private corporations be they local, national or global. Through this, workers are able to battle for varying rights and at the same time apply the benefit s of their struggle to all employees in that field. How labor policies can be reformed to serve the cleaners and domestic workers better Labor policies ought to influence laws and regulations that would assist in strengthening organizations of informal employees through facilitating policy discourse and procedures that involve representatives of these organizations. Policy makers, economic strategists and the global community should recognize, understand and give support to the lower working classes in their organizations. Concerning institutional discrimination, international labor assemblies ought to put into consideration the incomparable work delineation of this workforce and design or reconcile their policies in a manner that will ensure fairness. Government policies should also take into consideration the needs of the workers and the demands for the workers and come up with laws and regulations that would provide for quality care of their needs and their families’ even as they fill those positions. It is also necessary for the international community to establish global standards for domestic workers. This will ensure that their human rights are not violated and their legal rights are protected. It will also ensure that the workers are accorded the recognition and equal protection just like other workers similar fields of work. Conclusion Whether in the developed or developing world, whether large or small, the operations, wages and working conditions of private corporations bear resemblance to each other. While it is good for consumers to access products at a lower price, the workers need also earn decent wages for their labor. The cleaning sector is one of its kinds. Therefore, there is need for adjustments in the labor policies and the immigration policies so as to eradicate the possibility of misuse and mistreatment of workers. Works cited Aguiar, Luis and Herod Andrew (eds). The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism: Cleaners in  the Global Economy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2006. Print. Wal-Mart video-‘Is Wal-Mart Good for America‘. Web. This critical writing on The Dirty Work of Neoliberalism was written and submitted by user Houston Hendricks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Magic in Shakespeares Play The Tempest

Magic in Shakespeares Play The Tempest Shakespeare draws heavily on magic in The Tempest- indeed, it is often described as Shakespeare’s most magical play. Certainly, the language in this play is particularly magical and quotable. Magic in The Tempest takes many different forms and is represented variously throughout the play. Prospero’s Books and Magic Prosperos books symbolize his power- and in this play, knowledge is power. However, the books also represent his vulnerability, as he was studying when Antonio took his power. Caliban explains that without his books, Prospero is nothing, and encourages Stefano to burn them. Prospero has taught his own daughter from these books, but in many ways she is ignorant, having never seen more than two men and no women since she was three. Books are all very well but they are no substitute for experience. Gonzalo ensures that Prospero is furnished with his books on his journey, for which Prospero will always be grateful. Prospero appears to be all-powerful with his magical staff at the beginning of the play, but in order to become powerful in Milan- where it really matters- he must relinquish his magic. His learning and his books led to his downfall in Milan, allowing his brother to take over. Knowledge is useful and good if you use it in the right ways. At the end of the play, Prospero renounces his magic and, as a result, can return to a world where his knowledge is valued but where magic has no place. Mystical Noises and Magical Music The play opens with the deafening noise of thunder and lightning, creating tension and anticipation for what is to come. The splitting ship inspires a â€Å"confused noise within.† The island is â€Å"full of noises,† as Caliban observes, and many of the characters are seduced by music, following the sounds as if they were being led. Ariel speaks to the characters unseen and this is alarming and disconcerting to them. Trinculo gets blamed for Ariel’s comments. The music and strange noises contribute to the mysterious and magical elements of the island. Juno, Ceres, and Iris bring beautiful music to celebrate the nuptials of Miranda and Ferdinand, and the magical banquet is also accompanied by music. Prospero’s power is manifested in the noise and music he creates; The Tempest and terrifying sound of dogs are his creation. The Tempest The magical tempest that starts the play represents Prospero’s power but also his suffering at the hands of his brother. The storm symbolizes the political and social unrest in Milan. It also represents Prospero’s darker side, his vengeance, and his willingness to go to any lengths to get what he wants. The tempest reminds the characters and the audience of their vulnerability. Appearance and Substance Things are not what they materially seem in The Tempest. Caliban is not considered by Prospero or Miranda to be human: â€Å"†¦A freckled whelp, hag-born- not honored with/A human shape† (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 287-8).  However, they felt they gave him good care: â€Å"I have used thee,/Filth as thou art, with human care† (Act 1 Scene 2). Even though they didn’t believe him to deserve the human care, they gave it to him.​ It is difficult to fully reconcile Caliban’s true nature. His appearance is described in many different ways and he is often referred to as a ‘monster’ but there are moments in the play where Caliban is quite poetic and describes the isle with love and beauty. There are other moments when he is presented as a brutish monster; for example, when he tries to rape Miranda. However, Miranda and Prospero can’t have it both ways- either Caliban is a monster and an animal who will do brutish things- at which they shouldn’t be surprised (and, one could argue, could therefore justifiably be treated like a slave) or he is human and brutish due to his oppression which is their doing.

Compare and Contrast Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Compare and Contrast Research Methods - Essay Example They enable researchers to study and analyze information with specific criteria (Woodside 57). When using this research method, researchers select a particular sample such as a geographical area and use it as an instance for the study. Case studies define and examine real life instances that are clearly visible and can be easily related. Boundaries have to be set in order to have relevance in selecting appropriate solutions when solving problems (Gagnon 76). In most cases, extensive examination and analysis of an event or an instance are used in case studies. For instance, in studying the development of child language, a researcher would sample a locality. Then the researcher selects an example of a school and a definite population to use as a sample. There are different types of case study research methods, namely: multiple and singular research methods. In multiple methods, the researcher would sample from different cases then analyze and come up with the most probable finding or solution (Yin 85). It is necessary for the researchers to insist on real life situations to avoid ambiguity. A singular case study only requires a single case that the researcher would use to formulate the most appropriate solution. Informal and in-depth interviews can incorporate other research methods for proper and satisfactory results. The main goals of a Informal and in-depth interviews are to ensure that the research findings are a true reflection of the real issues on the ground (Swanbon 47). Any resources or reports used in the processes should prove that: It is the only valid method or source of information and that the information could not be acquired from anywhere else. The report should correspond and respond appropriately to the questions asked in the Informal and in-depth interviews of the research. The report should follow the correct laid down procedures of research and data mining. The usual rules and guidelines of an ordinary research and social sciences must be

Economics of Exchange Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics of Exchange - Research Paper Example Contextually, the Senior Leadership Team (SLT) had been focused on keeping the entire manufacturing process in-house, concerning which the management presumes that out-sourcing certain elements of its production system or rather its supply chain system shall be beneficial for the company to satisfy the augmenting demand. With due concern to the above mentioned aspects regarding the outsourcing initiatives of BlueJay, this essay would intend to present a workbook for weekly staff meetings which is intended to be held in the 30 days period of recommending the outsourcing plan. Hence, the objective of the workbook would be to develop adequate understanding amid the supply chain management team regarding the background of the decision and evaluation to be taken. The proposed workbook will thus address the economic aspects of value and utility (i.e. the concept of economics of exchange) in relation to decision making process to render a better knowledge of economic as well as financial el ements related with the company’s upcoming decision. Workbook The workbook is scheduled for a 30 days period describing the aspects to be covered in 4 weekly staff meetings. ... Correspondingly, the last meeting will be held to obtain feedbacks and evaluate the understanding of the staffs which would assist them in contributing efficiently to the overall outsourcing process. Economics of Exchange Today, when there is a price tag hanging on every element which can be a part of a transaction, the concept of economics of exchange becomes quite apparent. It is often regarded as the process of serving commodities in exchange of a value, particularly in monetary terms. Thus, it can be affirmed that the concept of economics of exchange is based on the process of transaction which further tends to determine the balance between the customers’ requirements and the company’s capacity. It is often described as a transaction process through which the firm intends to serve its customers with the notion of earning value for the commodities offered (Williamson, 2008). In relation to BlueJay’s current economic conditions, the SLT of the firm’s sup ply chain management have proposed the strategy of outsourcing related to which, a number of researches are to be conducted for making effective decisions with concern to the quality as well as cost of the products. This in turn is likely to influence the economics of exchange in the supply chain process of the company where it is required to make decisions with regards to the quantity of in-house production, quantity of products to be outsourced, prices and the risks which are connected with the suggested procedure. It is expected that the outsourcing will assist the firm in reducing the cost of production for the goods and will also assist in meeting excessive demand from the customers. On the

Dumping And Anti Dumping In International Trade

Dumping And Anti Dumping In International Trade Introduction International trade in the 21st century is a highly competitive area, with every nation trying its best to attain the competitive advantage. The benefits of being the dominant player in the game of trade are sufficient enough to lure even the least developed nation to embark on an aggressive trade strategy. The trade element provides benefits not only on the economic front but also has the unlimited potential of providing vital political advantage. The examples of such benefits have changed the course of human history for several centuries. The European power bloc enjoyed the trade advantage till the World Wars destroyed their mainland, following which the advantage shifted to the United States. But even US felt the heat of Japanese trade policies in the 1960s and 1970s, while during the last decade of the 20th century world saw the short-lived prominence of the Asian tigers. With the new century came a new set of players known as the emerging markets along a handful of prominent pla yer, who were tagged as the BRIC bloc by Jim O Neil of the Goldman Sachs. The trans-national trade has always had its effect on the international relations mainly because it took the a zero-sum game form rather than the win-win situation, thus going against the theories advanced by Adam Smith, Frederick von Hayak and Milton Friedman. Maintaining the dominance in trade became essential as monetary benefits in the form of current account and capital account surplus became more critical for furthering the growth of various national economies. Hence countries have been forced to engage themselves in a series of trade-distortion techniques like dumping, currency devaluation and so on. China, the export behemoth, supported its export oriented industrial units through the simplest monetary tool depreciation of the domestic currency against the global currencies. This depreciated Chinese Yuan made exports more attractive and provided adequate trade surplus for China against global importers like US and European countries. The other nations also attempted to use t his tool, but only a few were able to reap the right benefits. Currency manipulation was a serious crime according to International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the various central banks across the world. Hence exporting countries including China resorted to other mechanisms to support its exports. With the national Governments providing adequate subsidies to the manufacturing concerns, low-cost production was achieved by the exporters. The cost-advantage helped the exporters to push their goods into overseas markets and break the existing dominant industries in the overseas markets. This led to the scenario known as dumping and enraged importing countries, mainly in the West, used customized anti-dumping measures to counter this wave of dumping. The emergence of World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 and a series of agreements in the late 1990s and in the first decade of the 21st century provided a standardized framework for countering the anti-dumping worldwide. This report examines the scenario of dumping and also analyses the anti-dumping measures taken up by various nation-states, supported by various trade blocs. The measures provided by WTO to support anti-dumping rules and to prevent its abuse are also critical to the study done in this report. The report would also accommodate some cases in anti-dumping, with respect to India, China and Developed countries, inorder to further explain anti-dumping as a prevalent trade measure. Dumping Anti-Dumping Exporters who sell their products at a price lower than the domestic market prices and production costs are guilty of dumping. With nations getting more and more tuned towards protecting their domestic industries against foreign competitors, more and more cases of dumping are being reported world wide. The main tool against dumping for most sovereign states is the use of national laws pertaining to trade in the form of Anti-Dumping Measures. Like in case of any regulation initiated with good intentions, abuse of these regulations has also risen with time. Thus World Trade Organization was forced to take up the issue of dumping and anti-dumping through a series of regulations using the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) clauses. ANTI-DUMPING: TERMS Normal Price/Comparable Value It is the price of the product when sold in the ordinary course of trade for consumption in the exporting country. A fair comparison is required to be made between the normal price and the export price and it should be made at the same level of trade at ex factory level and in respect of sales made at as nearly possible the same time. In certain circumstances, there may be no sales in the domestic market to enable comparison, in which case, it may not be possible to determine normal value. In such circumstances, there are two alternative methods which have been provided for determination of the normal value. The price at which the product is sold to a third country. The constructed value of the product, which is calculated on the basis of the cost of production plus selling, general and administrative expenses and normal profits. Insufficient volume of sales: if certain sales are made below their cost, then they are to be ignored for computation purposes and the normal value would be determined based on remaining sales. The remaining sales would normally be considered as sufficient if they constitute 5% or more of the export sales made to the country conducting the investigation against dumping. De-minimis rule: In case the remaining sales are insufficient on account of insignificant volume of sales in the home market, then the normal value would be computed based on the alternative methods provided. Indirect exports: If products are not imported directly from the country of manufacture but from an intermediate country, the normal value is to be determined on the basis of sales in the market of the originating country unless this may result in an inappropriate or impossible comparison. Export Price The export price is generally based on the transaction price at which the foreign producer sells the product to an importer in the importing country. However, in certain cases the transaction price may not be appropriate for purposes of comparison with normal value. These circumstances may arise in case of: Internal transfers i.e. transfer between the same entities from one location to another, where there is no transaction value; Barter or exchange transactions, where the money value is absent; Where the relationship existing between the exporter and the importer may have an influence or bearing on the price negotiated or For such other reasons where the transaction price may not be considered to be at arms-length. In such cases, the transaction value cannot be adopted and the export price needs to be determined based on an appropriate alternative method. However, the construction of the export price should be reasonable and based on facts and circumstances, which are warranted in each case. The export price may be constructed based on: Price at which the imported product is first resold to an independent buyer The constructed price should have allowances for costs including duties and taxes, incurred between the importation of the product and its resale to an independent purchaser, as well as for reasonable profits accruing there from. The constructed price should also give allowances for factors such as different levels of trade, conditions and terms of sale, taxation, quantities, physical characteristics, and other matters demonstrated to affect price comparability Conversion of currency: The comparison of the normal value with that of export price would require conversion of currency. Normally, when the base currency is different from USD or Euro, they are converted into USD or Euro for the purpose of calculations. In such cases, the exchange rate to be used should be one on date of sale. In case of a forward currency sale, the exchange rate adopted for the forward transaction should be used for conversion. Like Product The term like product is defined as a product that is identical, i.e. alike in all respects to the product under consideration, or in the absence of such a product, another product which although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration. Sales in ordinary course of Trade In order to enable comparison of the export price and the normal price, the anti dumping investigations need to determine whether the sales in the domestic market of the exporting country are made in ordinary course of trade or not. In case the price at which the goods are sold in the domestic market is below its cost, then prima facie, it would mean that the sales made in the domestic market are not in the ordinary course of trade. Accordingly, such sales may be disregarded in the determination of normal value. However, sales made below costs may not be disregarded for determination of normal value where they allow for recovery of costs within a reasonable period of time, which may normally be one year or are insignificant. Anti dumping: WTO Regulations The WTO is the only International body dealing with the rules and regulations of trade between nations. The WTO Agreements negotiated and signed by bulk of the worlds trading ratified in their parliaments. WTO took over the reins from GATT in the year 95 and its objective is no different. It is focused on maintaining trade balance between the developed, developing and under developed countries. Some of its objectives are That international economic relations should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand; Expanding the production of trade in goods and services; While allowing for the optimum use of the worlds resources in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development, seeking both to preserve the environment and to enhance the means of doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development. WTO, seen from the past, intends to achieve the stated objectives by one or more of the following mode or means: Administering trade agreements Acting as a forum for trade negotiations and settlement of trade disputes Reviewing national trade policies Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues, through technical assistance and training program Co-operating with other international organization In an effort to bring cross border transactions and free trade between nations it signed a lot of agreements in this regard. As a result of it lead to the implementation of the article VI of GATT 1994, which is popularly known as the Anti- dumping Agreement. Wherever WTO seeks for free trade it also makes sure that the trade fair and full. Article of VI of GATT: It states that the practice of exporting goods from one country to another at less than the normal value should be strictly condemned if it causes or threatens to cause material injury to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party or materially retards the establishment of a domestic industry. In order to seek implementation of the said Article, member nations at WTO have entered into an agreement called the Agreement on implementation of Article VI and more-popularly referred to as the Anti-dumping Agreement. A product is considered as being dumped i.e. introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value if the export price of the product from one country to another is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in the exporting country. The activity of throwing goods at less than their normal value into another country would be called dumping. When dumping causes or threatens to cause material injury to domestic industry of the importing country, the action undertaken to counteract the said dumping, by the importing country, is called as anti-dumping. WTO lays down the basic principles on how a Nation can or cannot react to dumping. In this regard, it would be essential for a member country to prove that there should have been a material and genuine injury to its competing domestic industry, before in any manner, taking steps against dumping. The importing country is allowed to take action against dumping, when: Dumping is not only said but also shown to have taken place by the importing country; On the basis of dumping, being said to exist, the importing country is able to establish from reliable information and considering all possible factors that such dumping has actually caused or could cause, material injury to its domestic industry; and Lastly, as a reasonable justification for any action against dumping, the importing country should be able to present the calculation stating the extent of dumping i.e. the difference between the export price and the normal price in the exporters home country. The agreement has given three ways to calculate the case of dumping Difference between the price in the exporters domestic market (called normal value) and the price charged for export to the subject nation, in the absence of the price in the domestic market. The second method is to compare the price charged by the exporter for exports to another country that to the price charged on export to the subject nation. In the absence of the comparable price , the price in the exporters market is derived from the cost incurred by the manufacturer and then it is subjected to the importing nation Approach adopted to counter Dumping An action imposing and collecting dumping would require a three step approach; The establishment of evidence in favour of dumping. In India, the following conditions need to be fulfilled before initiating an action against dumping: The product which is said to have been dumped, has been imported into India from a country outside India The export price is less than the comparable price Consequent to being dumped, it has caused or the effect of causing material injury to manufacturers of like product in India. The transaction alleging dumping is undertaken in the ordinary course of trade The establishment of evidence in respect of its injury In the context of dumping, the term injury has been defined to mean either material injury to a domestic industry, threat of material injury to a domestic industry, or Material retardation of the establishment of a domestic industry. The determination of injury must be based on positive evidence which would normally involve an objective examination of the volume of the dumped imports and the effect it has on the prices in the domestic market for like products and the consequent impact of these imports on domestic producers of such products. Also, in certain circumstances, producers who are related to the exporters or importers of the product under investigation and producers who are themselves importers of the allegedly dumped product. In this regard, a producer would be deemed to be related to the exporter or importer if: one of them directly or indirectly controls the other both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person together they directly or indirectly control a third person, subject to the condition that there are grounds for believing or suspecting that the effect of the relationship is such as to cause the producers to behave differently from non-related producers Evaluation of Injury The investigating authorities have to develop analytical methods for consideration of these factors such as volume and price which may be regarded as relevant in the light and circumstances of each case. The authorities need to evaluate all relevant economic factors having bearing upon the state of the domestic industry. In this regard, a number of factors have been listed such as actual or potential declines in sales, profits, output, market share, productivity, return on investments, utilization of capacity, actual or potential effects on cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, ability to raise capital or investments, and the magnitude of the margin of dumping. In evaluating the injury to the domestic industry, the investigating authorities are required to consider whether there has been significant price undercutting in respect of the dumped imports as compared to the price of the like product in the domestic industry of the importing country. Causal Link: As regards the establishment of material injury, it needs to be demonstrated that there is a causal relationship between the article that is alleged as being dumped and the injury it seeks to cause to the domestic industry manufacturing or producing like product. The investigating authorities need to analyze factors such as change in technology and change in the pattern of demand etc. which can cause material injury to the domestic industry but these factors are not arising on account of dumping, as they need to be excluded in evaluating the injury on account of dumping. Therefore, the investigating authorities are required to develop analytical methods for determining only those factors which have a causal link between dumping of alleged goods and its consequent injury to the domestic industry. Cumulative Analysis: In cases where an article is found to be dumped into the importing country from more than one country, it is possible to undertake a cumulative analysis of the article being dumped. In this regard, it is provided that the authorities must be required to determine the margin of dumping from each country and that such margin should not be less than 2%, expressed as a percentage of the export price for each country and that the volume of imports from each country should not be less than 3% of the imports of like articles. In this regard, if the imports from one country is less than 3%, then such investigation may be possible if the collective imports from all such countries is not be less than 7% of the import of like articles. Dumping Calculation: The margin of dumping is normally calculated as the difference between the weighted average normal value and the weighted average price of all comparable exports. In certain cases, this comparison may be done on a transaction-to-transaction basis. The difference between the normal value and export price is called as the margin. In case the export price differs significantly among different purchasers, regions or time periods, then comparison based on weighted average export price may not be appropriate. In such cases, the investigating authorities would compare the weighted average normal value with that of the export price on individual transaction basis. This situation is referred to as targeted dumping. Assessment of Duty: Normally, the assessment of dumping margin for the purpose of the levy of anti-dumping duty is to be calculated with respect to each exporter or producer of the product concerned under investigation. However, such a system may not be practically feasible in all cases and thus the investigating authorities may limit the number of exporters, importers, or products individually considered and impose the anti-dumping duty even on uninvestigated sources, on the basis of the weighted average dumping margin established with respect to exporters or producers actually examined. ANTI-DUMPING: Procedures Initiation of Investigation The investigations against dumping are required to be normally initiated on the basis of a written request submitted by or on behalf of a domestic industry and it needs to be supported by those domestic producers whose collective output constitutes more than 50% of the total production of the like product. However, the investigation would not be initiated when domestic producers expressly supporting the application account for less than 25% of total production of the like product produced in the domestic industry of the importing country. The application is required to contain the following information: Evidence of dumping, injury and the causal link The identity of the applicant and a description of the volume and value of the domestic production of the like product by the applicant. Complete description of the allegedly dumped product, the names of the country or countries of origin or export in question, the identity of each known exporter or foreign producer and a list of known persons importing the product in question Information on prices at which the product in question is sold when destined for consumption in the domestic markets of the country or countries of origin or export Information on the evolution of the volume of the allegedly dumped imports, the effect of these imports on prices of the like product in the domestic market and the consequent impact of the imports on the domestic industry On receipt of the application the investigating authorities would examine the accuracy and adequacy of the evidence provided for determining whether there is sufficient evidence to justify the initiation of an investigation and before initiating investigation, the authorities need to notify the exporting country. Conduct of Investigation The authorities are required to guarantee the confidentiality of sensitive information and verify the information on which determinations are based. In order to ensure transparency, the authorities are also required to disclose the information on which determinations are to be based to all interested parties and to provide them with adequate opportunity to make or provide their comments. The investigating authorities are required to give notice to all interested parties viz. Exporter, the government of exporter and the producers of like products, about the investigation. The procedure of investigation is as follows: Preliminary Screening: The application is scrutinized to ensure that it is fully documented and provides sufficient evidence for initiating an investigation. In case of any discrepancy, a deficiency letter is issued. Initiation: the designated authority, after examining the accuracy and adequacy of the evidence regarding dumping, injury and causal link, issues a public notice initiating an investigation. The initiation notice is ordinarily to be issued within 5 days from the date of receipt of a properly documented application. Access to Information: The authority provides access to the non-confidential evidence presented to it by various interested parties in the form of a public file, which is available for inspection to all interested parties on request after receipt of the responses. Preliminary Findings: Based on the information available before it and based on further information collected by the authority, a preliminary finding is made, which would also contain the reasons behind the determination made by the authority. In this regard, the preliminary finding is undertaken normally within 90 days from the date of initiation. Provisional Duty: In case the authority considers it necessary, it may recommend the Central Government to impose a provisional duty, not exceeding the margin of dumping, on the basis of the preliminary finding recorded by it. The provisional duty can be imposed only after the expiry of 60 days from the date of initiation of investigation. Further, such duty will remain in force for a period not exceeding six months but which may be extended to nine months under certain circumstances. Oral Evidence Public Hearing: Interested parties are allowed to request the designated authority to afford them an opportunity to present their case and relevant information orally. However, the designated authority would consider the oral information only when it is subsequently reproduced in writing. Disclosure of Information: The designated authority, based on the submissions and evidence gathered during the investigation and verification would proceed to make the determination of the final findings and formulate the basis thereof. Final Determination: The interested parties would submit their response to the disclosure and the authority would consider such submissions before taking a final position on the matter. Time-limit for investigation process: the normal time allowed for completion of the investigation process is one year from the date of initiation of the investigation. The Central Government is empowered to extend such period by another six months. Price Undertaking Price Undertaking refers to a voluntary undertaking by exporters to revise the price or to cease exports to the area in question at dumped prices so that the authorities are satisfied that the injurious effect of the dumping is eliminated. However, the Central Government would be allowed to accept the price undertakings from exporters only after preliminary affirmative determination has been made that dumping exists and that consequent to dumping, injury has also been caused to the domestic industry. The investigating authorities are required to complete their investigation on the dumping and its consequent injury, in the event it is desired by the exporter or by the investigating authorities despite accepting the price undertakings. In case the investigation leads to a negative determination of dumping or injury, then the undertaking given shall automatically lapse. Special Status Anti dumping duty is not applicable for imports made by export oriented units unless the intention to levy on their imports is specifically stated in the notification. Export Oriented Units specifically include: Free trade zone means a zone which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf; Hundred per cent export-oriented undertaking means an undertaking which has been approved as a hundred per cent export-oriented undertaking by the Board appointed in this behalf by the Central Government in exercise of the powers conferred by section 14 of the Industries Act, 1951; Special economic zone means a zone which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf. Provisional Measures The investigating authorities are allowed to take certain provisional measures in the form of levy of provisional duty for import of goods alleged to be dumped. These provisional measures are allowed only when the following conditions are fulfilled: The investigating authorities have initiated the investigation giving proper public notice and interested parties have been given adequate opportunities to submit information and make their comments; The investigating authorities have a preliminary affirmative determination in favour of dumping and its consequent injury to the domestic industry; The investigating authorities judge that such provisional measures are necessary to prevent injury being caused during the investigation period. ANTI-DUMPING: Indian Context Indian laws regarding trade, including anti-dumping laws were amended with effect from 1st January 1995, following Indias entry into the WTO. The anti-dumping provisions were amended keeping in line with the WTO Agreement. The investigations regarding anti-dumping duty are under Sections 9A of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975. Even though, anti dumping duty provides for countering the issue of dumping, countervailing duties are more useful for countering the direct and indirect subsidies by various national governments on their respective industries. In any case, the Indian Government has to prove injury and causal link need to be proved in front of the WTO panel on anti-dumping. The investigations pertaining to dumping are governed by the amended provisions of Customs Tariff act of 1975. Safeguards in the form of tariff increases or quantitative restrictions were earlier used to counter the increased imports due to dumping, but nowadays such measures invite compensation payment to tradi ng partners in appropriate cases. The Customs Tariff Act, 1975 Sections 9A, 9B and 9C, amended in 1995 and the Customs Tariff (Identification, Assessment and Collection of Anti-dumping Duty on Dumped Articles and for Determination of Injury) Rules, 1995, were framed to provide the legal basis for anti-dumping investigations and for the levy of anti-dumping duties, based on the Agreement on Anti-Dumping which is in pursuance of Article VI of GATT 1994. The investigations and recommendations on dumping issues are handled by Designated Authority, under the Ministry of Commerce, while the imposition and collection of anti-dumping duties are handled by Ministry of Finance. The Indian industry must be able to show that dumped imports are causing or are threatening to cause material injury to the Indian domestic industry. Material retardation to the establishment of an industry is also regarded as injury. The material injury or threat thereof cannot be based on mere allegation, statement or conjecture. Sufficient evidence must be provided to support the contention of material injury. Injury analysis can broadly be divided in two major areas: The Volume Effect The Designated Authority examines the volume of the dumped imports, including the extent to which there has been or is likely to be a significant increase in the volume of dumped imports, either in absolute terms or in relation to production or consumption in India, and its affect on the domestic industry. The Price Effect The effect of the dumped imports on prices in the Indian market for like articles, including the existence of price undercutting, or the extent to which the dumped imports are causing price depression or preventing price increases for the goods which otherwise would have occurred. The consequent economic and financial impact of the dumped imports on the concerned Indian industry can be demonstrated, inter alia, by : decline in output loss of sales loss of market share reduced profits decline in productivity decline in capacity utilization reduced return on investments price effects adverse effects on cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, investments, ability to raise capital, etc. Application Procedure Applications can be made by or on behalf of the concerned domestic industry to the Designated Authority in the Ministry of Commerce for an investigation of any alleged dumping. The designated Authority may initiate an investigation when there is sufficient evidence that dumped imports are causing or are threatening to cause material injury to the Indian industry producing like articles or are materially retarding the establishment of an industry. Copies of the prescribed application pro-forma are available from the Ministry of Commerce. Applications should be submitted to the Designated Authority in the Ministry of Commerce in the prescribed form. Guidelines on how to complete a questionnaire are a part of the prescribed